The End of WWI

And the answers are… From left to right… –Lloyd George of Great Britain –Vittorio Emanuele Orlando of Italy –Georges Clemenceau of France –Woodrow Wilson of the United States –The picture was taken in 1919 in Paris, during the Paris Peace conferences. We will discuss what this conference was for soon.

How did it end?

Major Battles: End of War 2nd Battle of the Marne –Summer 1918 –Heavy casualties on both sides, especially for Germany. –This battle marks the last real attempt by the Central Powers to win WWI.

Major Battles Continued Battle of Meuse-Argonne –Also known as the Battle of Argonne Forest –September-Nov. 11, 1918 –Final Allied offensive of WWI, also known as the Grand Offensive. –All major allied powers were involved in breaking through German lines. –Fresh U.S. troops are credited with tipping the scale to victory.

Meanwhile: Wilson’s 14 Points Plan for Post WW1 Europe Goal: To prevent future wars Listed in a speech delivered by President Wilson January 8, Encouraged Central Powers to surrender during this speech. Also suggested that post-war, an association of nations devoted to keeping peace be created.

Central Powers begin to Cave in By the end of October 1918, Turkey signs armistice. Austria-Hungary signs Nov. 3, 1918

End of War- Germany Nov. 3, 1918 – German sailors refused to sail out b/c felt no use fighting anymore Nov. 9, 1918 – Rebellion in Berlin led to est. of German Republic (Kaiser out) No decisive battle to end war, but German war machine was exhausted 11/11 at 11 - Germany stopped the fighting

The End of Fighting The German foreign office contacts President Wilson, armistice is arranged and on November 11th, 1918 firing ceases on the western front.

All Quiet on the Western Front Official Radio from Paris - 6:01 A.M., Nov. 11, Marshal Foch (France) to the Commander-in-Chief. 1. Hostilities will be stopped on the entire front beginning at 11 o'clock, November 11th (French hour). 2. The Allied troops will not go beyond the line reached at that hour on that date until further orders. MARSHAL FOCH 5:45 A.M.

The horror of war 1.8 million German troops are killed, 2.1 million civilians of the Ottoman Empire are killed. 1.3 million French and 1.7 million Russian troops are killed. Russia also suffers 2 million civilian deaths. The U.S. suffers 330,000 casualties total. The amount that some countries had lost in a single battle. Close to 20 million troops from both sides are wounded in action.

Now that the war was over, decisions needed to be made as to the punishment of the losers. These decisions were made at a series of conferences in Paris, known collectively as the Paris Peace Conference

Paris Peace Conference 5 Treaties made during Paris Peace Conference 1.Treaty of Versailles – Germany 2.Treaty of Trianon – Hungary 3.Treaty of Neuilly – Bulgaria 4.Treaty of St. Germaine – Austria 5.Treaty of Sevres - Turkey

Treaty of Versailles Treaty between Allies and Germany Very Harsh towards Germany, much more so than what was presented in Wilson’s 14 points US did not adopt the Treaty We will discuss this more after your simulation, as well as the legacy of WW1

Some food for thought ( you don’t need to write this) This was a “Great War”, but was it truly a “World War”?

WWI in Africa In 1914 Germany had 4 colonies Togoland- surrendered in 1914, British and French troops fighting. Cameroon- surrendered in 1914, British and French troops fighting.

WWI in Africa German South-West Africa (Namibia)- surrendered in 1915, British troops fighting. German East Africa –Largest of the colonies –Surrendered in 1918 after 4 years of fighting.

WWI in Asia Once Japan declared war on Germany, they quickly occupy German-leased territories in China. Japanese forces land in Shandong Province on September 2, 1914 and surround the German settlement of Tsingtao. Tsingtao is surrendered November 7, 1914.

WWI in Asia Japan also seizes the German island colonies in the Pacific without resistance: –Mariana –Caroline –Marshall Islands

WWI in Latin America For the most part, nations wanted no part of war and declared neutrality German ships were seized in Argentina and Chile British ships were chasing the German ship the Dresden and sunk it in Chilean waters. Brazil is the only large country to declare war on Germany.

WWI in Australia In 1914, Commonwealth nations are called to defend Great Britain. Australian troops fight in many locations, but consider the Battle of Gallipoli (a peninsula in the Ottoman Empire) as their greatest moment in the war. This battle is still commemorated today

Results of Paris Peace Conferences

Treaty of Versailles – end of WWI The main points of the Treaty [BRAT] 1. Germany had to accept the Blame for starting the war 2. Germany paid Reparations for the damage done during the war.

Versailles cont.. 3. Germany was forbidden to have submarines or an air force. She could have a navy of only six battleships, and an Army of just 100,000 men.

"I can predict with absolute certainty that within another generation there will be another world war if the nations of the world do not concert the method by which to prevent it." Woodrow Wilson, 1919

League of Nations Organization of Countries Goal of League: to prevent future wars, by providing a venue for countries to discuss/work out disputes 2 Tier Assembly 1.General Assembly – all country members 2.A Council – 5 Great Powers, 4 other elected powers

Problems with the League League could not pose sanctions No Military to enforce its will No action could be taken without the consent of the Council U.S. does not join the League of Nations

Effects of WW1 How WW1 set History for the 20 th century

1. Political Chaos A) Collapse of Monarchies –Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire –Instability will ultimately lead to rise of Dictators B) Creation of New Countries –Czechoslovakia, Poland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Finland, Yugoslavia, Syria, Iraq –Leads to Ethnic Conflicts

2. Crushed Economies Parts of Europe completely demolished by the fighting  farm lands, industry German reparations were so high, unable to keep up Economic stagnation – unemployment, sagging currencies Leads to DEPRESSION, especially in Germany

CountryDeadWoundedMissingTotal Africa/ S. Africa17, ,000 Australia58,150152, ,320 Austria-Hungary922,0003,600,000855,2835,377,283 Belgium44,000450, ,000 Britain658,7002,032,150359,1503,050,000 Bulgaria87,500152,39027,029266,919 Canada56,500149, ,200 France1,359,0004,200,000361,6505,920,650 Germany1,600,0004,065,000103,0005,768,000 India43,20065,1755,875114,250 Italy689,000959,100-1,424,660 Japan ,210 Montenegro3,00010,0007,00020,000 Portugal7,22213,75112,31833,291 Romania335,706120,00080,000535,706 Russia1,700,0005,000,000-6,700,000 Serbia45,000133,148152,958331,106 Turkey250,000400, ,000 USA58,480189,95514,290262,725

Social Chaos displaced refugees Social damage from: – 10 million men dead –millions wounded and/or disabled –5 million widows –9 million orphans Unstable birth rate Psychological damage due to shell shock, loss of limbs, death of friends/families –Lead to: alcoholism, morphine addiction Many disabled soldiers struggling to find a new role in society, no equipment produced in their aid