1. End of WW1 The Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations

2. End of War US entering war helped replenish resources for Allies Nov. 3, 1918 – German sailors refused to sail out b/c felt no use fighting anymore Nov. 9, 1918 – Rebellion in Berlin led to est. of German Republic (Kaiser out) No decisive battle to end war, but German war machine was exhausted 11/11 at 11 - Germany stopped the fighting

3. Wilson’s 14 Points Plan for Post WW1 Europe Goal: To prevent future wars Three Areas 1.Address/Fix what caused the War 2.Specific Boundary changes with idea of “self- determination” 3.League of Nations Kind terms encouraged Central Powers to surrender

4. Paris Peace Conference The Big 4 met, no central powers 5 Treaties during Paris Peace Conference 1.Treaty of Versailles – Germany 2.Treaty of Trianon – Hungary 3.Treaty of Neuilly – Bulgaria 4.Treaty of St. Germaine – Austria 5.Treaty of Sevres - Turkey

5. Wilson vs. Allies Wilson did not grasp anger felt by Allies –Clemenceau lived through 2 German Invasions –George won re-election on slogan “Make Germany Pay.” –Orlando wanted control of Austrian Territory Wilson conceded on most 14pts for League British Prime Minister David Lloyd George French Premier Georges Clemenceau Italian Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando

6. Treaty of Versailles Treaty between Allies and Germany Very Harsh towards Germany, much more so than what was presented in Wilson’s 14 points US did not adopt the Treaty SEE HANDOUT FOR DETAILS

7. Treaty of Versailles and Germany Germany must demilitarize Germany loses many colonial claims Belgium gets some of German land France gets Germany’s Saar Basin (coal mines) Denmark and Czechoslovakia get German land Germany must reduce Navy War Guilt Clause – Clause 231  Germany is blamed for the war –Must pay a set impossible 6.6 billion pounds in reparations

8. League of Nations Organization of Countries Goal of League: to prevent future wars, by providing a venue for countries to discuss/work out disputes 2 Tier Assembly 1.General Assembly – all country members 2.A Council – 5 Great Powers, 4 other elected powers First Meeting of the League in 1920

9. Problems with the League League could not pose sanctions No Military to enforce its will No action could be taken without the consent of the Council U.S. does not join the League of Nations

10. The US Debates the Treaty Beliefs of Americans –Treaty was too harsh –Sell out to imperialism – one set of colonial rulers for another –New boundaries didn’t satisfy demands for self-determination –Ireland did not gain independence from GB –LEAGUE OF NATIONS THREATENS US FOREIGN POLICY OF STAYING OUT OF EUROPEAN ENTANGLEMENTS

11. Wilson’s Mistakes Asked public to vote Democrat to show patriotic loyalty in 1918 congress elections –Republicans win Chose 3 democrats, only 1 republican for US delegation for treaty Wilson unwilling to compromise on League Needed Republicans to ratify Treaty He was exhausted – cold, rigid, aloof

12. 2 Groups in Republican Party –Refused to accept League membership –Reservationist Faction lead by Lodge – accept League with reservations for US Wilson fought against BOTH Tours to get public approval, collapses and has minor stroke Senate defeated Treaty twice with and without reservations 1921 – US makes separate treaty with Germany Road to Ratification

13. Effects of WW1 How WW1 set History for the 20 th century

14. 1. Political Chaos A) Collapse of Monarchies –Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire –Instability will ultimately lead to rise of Dictators B) Creation of New Countries –Czechoslovakia, Poland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Finland, Yugoslavia, Syria, Iraq –Leads to Ethnic Conflicts

15. 2. Crushed Economies Parts of Europe completely demolished by the fighting  farm lands, industry German reparations were so high, unable to keep up Economic stagnation – unemployment, sagging currencies Leads to DEPRESSION, especially in Germany

16. CountryDeadWoundedMissingTotal Africa/ S. Africa17,000--29,000 Australia58,150152,170-210,320 Austria-Hungary922,0003,600,000855,2835,377,283 Belgium44,000450,000-494,000 Britain658,7002,032,150359,1503,050,000 Bulgaria87,500152,39027,029266,919 Canada56,500149,700-206,200 France1,359,0004,200,000361,6505,920,650 Germany1,600,0004,065,000103,0005,768,000 India43,20065,1755,875114,250 Italy689,000959,100-1,424,660 Japan30090731,210 Montenegro3,00010,0007,00020,000 Portugal7,22213,75112,31833,291 Romania335,706120,00080,000535,706 Russia1,700,0005,000,000-6,700,000 Serbia45,000133,148152,958331,106 Turkey250,000400,000-650,000 USA58,480189,95514,290262,725

17. 3. Social Chaos displaced refugees Social damage from: – 10 million men dead –millions wounded and/or disabled –5 million widows –9 million orphans Unstable birth rate Psychological damage due to shell shock, loss of limbs, death of friends/families –Lead to: alcoholism, morphine addiction Many disabled soldiers struggling to find a new role in society, no equipment produced in their aid

18. 4. US post-WW1 Obvious New World Power Return to Isolationism New wave of Nativism Race Riots Labor Strikes Women earn suffrage