Chapter 4 The Bonds of Empire 1660-1750

Rebellion and War 1660-1713 Introduction Salutary Neglect Charles II 1660-1685 Expansion of trade Regulation of Economic Activities Benefits to English Economy and Commercial Interests

Royal Centralization 1660-1668 Charles dreams of Absolute Monarchy similar to France Massachusetts Charter is revoked 1686-1688 James II consolidates New England Colonies and abolished legislative assemblies to place authority in the hands of Royal Governor Edmond Andros

The Glorious Revolution in England and America 1688-1689 1688-1689- James II forced into exile because of pro-Catholic actions and attempts at absolute rule William and Mary assume the throne and institute limited monarchy New England rebels and arrests Andros New England colonies once again granted colonial charters and allowed to organize assemblies. Leisler’s Rebellion in New York and Cooke’s uprising in Maryland were also associated with the Glorious Revolution.

A Generation of War 1689-1713 British and French fought in two separate Wars King William’s War and Queen Anne’s War France still controlled America’s interior and colonists sought protection from the Mother country.

Colonial Economies and Societies 1660-1750 Mercantilist Empires in America Gold=Wealth=Power Favorable Balance of Trade Navigation Acts 1651-1733- All trade must be carried out aboard British-owned ships Tobacco, rice, indigo, furs, naval stores most go through England first. The original acts did little to hamper the American economy

Immigration, Population Growth and Diversity 1.2 million population in British colonies 60,000 French colonies 19,000 Spanish colonies French and Catholics only allowed Catholics British North America continued to grow rapidly from African immigration in the 1700’s By 1754 20% of the colonial population was African slaves

Rural White Men and Women Small farms Family labor Self-sufficient

Colonial Farmers and the Environment Deforestation Wood used for shelter, heat, fences etc. Animals became scarce Soil was depleted because of crops like tobacco with no fertilizer or crop rotation

The Urban Paradox 4 large cities Port Cities, Overcrowded, Unsanitary, Epidemics Philadelphia New York Charles Town Boston

Slavery’s Wages Stono Rebellion 1712 and 1741 Slave uprisings

The Rise of Colonial Elites Wealthy Rural elites Urban Commercial Elites Began to imitate their European counterparts

Competing for a Continent 1713-1750 France and Native Americans French founded New Orleans 1718 Farming, Hunting, Fishing and trade with the Indians Formed alliances with neighboring tribes while crushing those that stood in their way (Natchez)

Native Americans and British Expansion Tuscarora and Yamasee Wars 1711-1715 vs. Carolinian expansion Pennsylvania convinced Delaware Indians to move to land adjacent the Iroquois and other eastern tribes were moved west

British Expansion in the South: Georgia Georgia is the last of the original 13 colonies to be established Founded by James Oglethorpe Protected Carolinas from Spain and was a safe haven for debtors from England German, Swiss, Scottish and Jewish settlers outnumber English Banned slavery Restrictions dropped

Spain’s Tenacity Spanish Empire spread throughout the Southwest and parts of the Southeast Spain made alliances with tribes they used to attack. Navajo and Apaches Spanish Outposts and Missions are built including the Alamo Spain tried to weaken the English colonies by offering freedom to their slaves

The Return of War: 1739-1748 Britain and Spain fought each other along the Florida-Georgia border 1739 War of Austrian Succession/King George’s War 1740-1748, New Englanders vs. France

Public Life in British America 1689-1750 Colonial Politics English Bill of Rights Power shifted from Royal Governors to Colonial Assemblies Colonial Assemblies controlled Royal Governors through their salary America became more self-governing, at least among the elites Women, blacks and Indians could not vote John Peter Zenger was acquitted on charges of libel which enforced freedom of speech.

The Enlightenment Emphasized reason, science, human improvement Diesm

The Great Awakening Christian Revivalism Jonathan Edwards William Tennent Theodore Frelinghuysen George Whitefield Christian Colleges- Princeton. Columbia, Brown, Dartmouth