Age of Reform

Reform Movements Abolition Abolition Temperance Temperance Women’s Rights Women’s Rights Prison Reform Prison Reform Public Education Public Education Organized Labor Organized Labor

Causes Opposition to slavery Opposition to slavery Opposition to the War of 1812 Opposition to the War of 1812 Women’s Rights Women’s Rights Reaction to the Industrial Revolution Reaction to the Industrial Revolution Reaction to the Market Revolution Reaction to the Market Revolution

Religious Reform The Shakers-1840’s The Shakers-1840’s Settlements from Maine to Kentucky Settlements from Maine to Kentucky First Shaker community-Upstate New York in 1787 First Shaker community-Upstate New York in ,000 members 5,000 members Believed God had a dual personality-both male and female Believed God had a dual personality-both male and female Each sides work was equally important Each sides work was equally important “Virgin purity” “Virgin purity” Separate living facilities for men and women-no private property Separate living facilities for men and women-no private property Attracted members from converts Attracted members from converts Adopted children from orphanages Adopted children from orphanages

Oneida Also formed in upstate New York in 1848 by John Humphrey Noyes Also formed in upstate New York in 1848 by John Humphrey Noyes Believed man could achieve a state of sinlessness or “purity of heart” Believed man could achieve a state of sinlessness or “purity of heart” No private property No private property Abandon traditional marriage Abandon traditional marriage All members were a single “holy family” of equals All members were a single “holy family” of equals “Exclusive affections” destroyed the harmony of the community “Exclusive affections” destroyed the harmony of the community Community was dictatorial Community was dictatorial Dies out in 1881 Dies out in 1881

The Owenites Robert Owen-British factory owner Robert Owen-British factory owner Created a model factory village in Scotland Created a model factory village in Scotland Strict rules of work discipline Strict rules of work discipline Comfortable housing Comfortable housing Free public education Free public education New Harmony, Indiana New Harmony, Indiana New Harmony failed but influenced many other reform movements New Harmony failed but influenced many other reform movements

Temperance Movement starts in the North American Temperance Society (1826) Goal of movement was to reform both the drunkard and the occasional drinker Movement claimed to have changed hundreds of thousands of people by the 1830’s Resistance-One person’s pleasure is another person’s sin Who judges morality?

Dorothea Dix “A voice for the mad” Massachusetts school teacher ( ) In 1841, starts her work to improve the lives of the mentally ill Most mentally ill in jail with criminals Treatment was inhumane Before the Civil War, 28 states constructed mental hospitals

Origins of Feminism Dorothea Dix-More humane treatment of the insane Dorothea Dix-More humane treatment of the insane Angelina and Sarah Grimke-abolition Angelina and Sarah Grimke-abolition Abolition movements spur the women’s rights movement Abolition movements spur the women’s rights movement Seneca Falls Convention (1848)- Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mot Seneca Falls Convention (1848)- Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mot Suffrage Suffrage

Why were women upset? Couldn’t vote Couldn’t vote Denied access to education and employment Denied access to education and employment Husbands had control over their wives’ property and wages Husbands had control over their wives’ property and wages Husbands retained custody of children after a divorce Husbands retained custody of children after a divorce Denied jobs created by market revolution Denied jobs created by market revolution Private freedom Private freedom

Why Seneca Falls? Residence of Elizabeth Cady Stanton Residence of Elizabeth Cady Stanton In 1840, Stanton and Mott travelled to London as delegates of the World Anti-Slavery Convention In 1840, Stanton and Mott travelled to London as delegates of the World Anti-Slavery Convention Barred from participating because they were women Barred from participating because they were women

Reason vs. Will Compare the idea of reason and the philosophies of the Enlightenment with the following quote: Compare the idea of reason and the philosophies of the Enlightenment with the following quote: “I will be as harsh as truth and as uncompromising as justice. On this subject I do not wish to think, or speak, or write in moderation. I will not equivocate- I will not excuse-I will not retreat a single inch-and I will be heard.”

Webster’s Dictionary Definition The power of control the mind has over its own actions The power of control the mind has over its own actions The act or process of using or asserting one’s choice The act or process of using or asserting one’s choice Purpose or determination; often hearty or stubborn determination Purpose or determination; often hearty or stubborn determination

Amount of Slaves in Northern States StateNumber of Slaves Connecticut6,464 (Eve of Revolution) Delaware1,800 (Start of Civil War) New York13,000 (1756)-35% of immigrants were West Indies slaves New Jersey12,000 (1800) Pennsylvania11,000 (1754) Massachusetts2,000 (1715) New Hampshire158 (1789)

When did Northern States abolish slavery? Connecticut- Emancipation bills rejected in 1777, 1779, and Slavery abolished in 1848 Connecticut- Emancipation bills rejected in 1777, 1779, and Slavery abolished in 1848 Delaware-Abolition bills fail in 1792, 1796, and 1803, 1845, and Delaware-Abolition bills fail in 1792, 1796, and 1803, 1845, and ***Lincoln’s plan of compensation emancipation in 1862*** ***Lincoln’s plan of compensation emancipation in 1862*** 13 th Amendment ends slavery in Delaware 13 th Amendment ends slavery in Delaware New York-1827 New York-1827 New Jersey-1846 New Jersey-1846 Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Massachusetts-1780 Massachusetts-1780 New Hampshire-1857 New Hampshire-1857

Abolition Before the 1830’s, little national attention Before the 1830’s, little national attention Exception was the American Colonization Society (1826) Exception was the American Colonization Society (1826) ACS established Liberia in Africa ACS established Liberia in Africa Capital of Liberia named after President Monroe Capital of Liberia named after President Monroe Colonization or sending slaves back to Africa was a popular idea Colonization or sending slaves back to Africa was a popular idea

Militant Abolitionism Militant Abolitionists believed slavery was a sin Militant Abolitionists believed slavery was a sin Slavery contradicted Declaration of Independence Slavery contradicted Declaration of Independence MA wanted an immediate end of slavery MA wanted an immediate end of slavery Key leader of the movement was William Lloyd Garrison Key leader of the movement was William Lloyd Garrison The Liberator-Newspaper Started in 1831 The Liberator-Newspaper Started in 1831

“I will be as harsh as truth and as uncompromising as justice. On this subject I do not wish to think, or speak, or write in moderation. I will not equivocate-I will not excuse-I will not retreat a single inch-and I will be heard.” “I will be as harsh as truth and as uncompromising as justice. On this subject I do not wish to think, or speak, or write in moderation. I will not equivocate-I will not excuse-I will not retreat a single inch-and I will be heard.”

Garrison’s word angered many Southerners Garrison’s word angered many Southerners Garrison’s call to dissolve the Union met little support Garrison’s call to dissolve the Union met little support His message became very popular among other abolitionists His message became very popular among other abolitionists Newspaper and pamphlets Newspaper and pamphlets Public Arena Public Arena Non Violence Non Violence “Moral Suasion” “Moral Suasion”

Nat Turner’s Rebellion Born into slavery in Virginia in 1800 Born into slavery in Virginia in 1800 Visions from God to lead a revolt Visions from God to lead a revolt Original day for his revolt was July 4, 1831 Original day for his revolt was July 4, 1831 August 22, Turner and 80 of his followers march from farm to farm assaulting white inhabitants August 22, Turner and 80 of his followers march from farm to farm assaulting white inhabitants Most his victims were women and children Most his victims were women and children 60 whites were killed 60 whites were killed Turner is captured and ordered to be executed Turner is captured and ordered to be executed Importance of revolt-violent slave resistance Importance of revolt-violent slave resistance Many laws in the South further restrict the rights of black both slave and free Many laws in the South further restrict the rights of black both slave and free

Frederick Douglas One person who symbolized both slave resistance and abolition was Frederick Douglas One person who symbolized both slave resistance and abolition was Frederick Douglas Son of a slave mother/unidentified white man Son of a slave mother/unidentified white man Grew up in Maryland Grew up in Maryland Taught himself to read and write Taught himself to read and write Sent to a “slave breaker” at age 15- whipped repeatedly Sent to a “slave breaker” at age 15- whipped repeatedly In 1838 escaped to the North In 1838 escaped to the North