1. Reform Movements
Ch. 6 Sec. 3

2. Temperance Movement Alcoholism was widespread during the early 1800’s
Temperance – moderation in the consumption of alcohol
American Temperance Union – mainly women
Argued that no social vice caused more crime, disorder, and poverty than the excessive use of alcohol
Men who drank excessively…
Spent money on liquor rather than food and other family necessities
Abused their wives and children
1851 Maine passed Prohibition law

3. Prison Reform Prisons were literally holes in the ground in some cases
Ex. – abandoned mineshafts, etc.
Overcrowded
Many began to call for a better environment for inmates
Belief in rehabilitating prisoners rather than just locking them up

4. Prison Reform New institutions… Dorothea Dix
Rigid discipline – rid criminals of the laxness
Solitary confinement and silence on work crews
Think about what they had done
- Penitentiaries- prisoners could achieve remorse
Dorothea Dix
Led prison reform after seeing poor conditions
Created special institutions called asylums for the mentally ill

5. Education Reform 1800- Push for public education
Govt. funded schools open to all citizens
A democratic republic could only survive if the voters well educated and informed
Horace Mann (Massachusetts legislator)
Created a state board of education
Established training for teachers
Doubled teacher salaries

6. Education Reform
1852 – Massachusetts passed the first mandatory school attendance law
School was to teach the basics of…
Reading, writing, arithmetic, and instill a work ethic
Local and state taxes supported tuition
The South as a whole responded less quickly to education to the North

7. “True Womanhood”
The idea that women should be homemakers and should take responsibility for developing their children's characters
Women were…
Viewed as more moral and charitable than men
Expected to be models of piety and virtue to their children and husbands

8. Women’s Movement
“True womanhood” implied that wives were now partners with their husbands and morally superior to them
They needed greater political rights to make society more virtuous
1848 – Seneca Falls Convention
Organized by Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony
Marked the beginnning of an organized women’s movement

9. Seneca Falls Convention
Issued a Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions
Declaration of Ind.  “…that all men and women (added in) are created equal…”
Stanton proposed that they focus on women’s suffrage
Women gaining the right to vote
Women gained some property rights but no voting until 1920!

10. Gradualism Early antislavery societies supported gradualism
End slavery gradually
1st – stop new slaves from being brought into the US
2nd – phase out slavery in the North and Upper South
3rd – end slavery in the Lower South

11. Antislavery Colonization
American Colonization Society (ACS)
Best solution to end slavery was to send AA back to their ancestral homelands in Africa
ACS acquired land in West Africa and b/g shipping free AA back to Africa
Established a colony that eventually b/c Liberia
B/c a country in 1847 – adopted a constitution based on the US – capital Monrovia named after president Monroe
Colonization was never a realistic solution b/c the cost of transporting the AA was high and AA were now assimilated

12. Abolitionist Movement
Abolitionists argued that enslaved AA should be freed immediately
W/o compensation to slaveholders
David Walker
First well-known advocate of abolition
Advocated violence and rebellion as the only way to end slavery

13. Abolition Movement William Lloyd Garrison
1830’s – Began a large national abolitionist movement
Founded Boston’s antislavery newspaper the Liberator
Demanded an immediate end to slavery
Believed slavery was immoral and slaveholders were evil
Only option was immediate and complete emancipation!
Emancipation – freeing of all enslaved people

14. AA Abolitionist Frederick Douglass Sojourner Truth
Escaped from slavery in Maryland, brilliant thinker and speaker
Published his own antislavery newspaper, the North Star and wrote an autobiography
Sojourner Truth
Gained freedom in 1827 when NY freed all remaining enslaved people in the state
Her antislavery speeches drew large crowds
Joyous, deeply religious, full of stories and song