ANCIENT ROME

ROME’S BEGINNINGS The Capitoline Wolf sculpture depicts a she-wolf suckling Romulus and Remus, Rome's legendary founders. Now a symbol of Rome.

Legends Much of Rome’s early history comes from legends. The legends may not be totally accurate but are useful in giving the qualities and values the early Romans admired.

Romulus Founder of Rome in 753 BCE First of seven kings Started Rome’s first army and government

Numa Pompilius Rome’s second king Brought peace to Rome Founded Rome’s religion

Etruscans Rome’s powerful neighbors to the north from Etruria Were wealthy traders Controlled Rome from 575 – 509 BCE Gave the Romans their alphabet and the “arch” Rome becomes a walled city with paved roads Built Circus Maximus, Temple of Jupiter, Cloaca Maxima

Tarquin the Proud Seventh and last king Was cruel and terrorized his people Ignored the Senate 509 BCE Romans rebel and send him into exile

GEOGRAPHY of ROME

Rome was a city-state in Italy 2)Rome’s climate is a Mediterranean climate with summers being hot and dry and winters being wet and mild

3) known as Latins, spoke Latin, were herders and farmers, harvested wheat, grapes, and olives

4) Etruscan city-states were to the north of Rome and south of Rome were Greek colonies

Built on hills – made it hard to attack On Tiber River – transportation route, resources 15 miles from the sea – safe from others’ navies and storms Center of Italy – could easily get to other places in Italy and in the Mediterranean

Mare Nostrum means “our sea” – eventually Rome controls all of the lands around the Mediterranean Sea

THE ROMAN REPUBLIC

PATRICIANS The upper class – wealthy landowners Very small group – 5% of the population Chose the king’s advisors Controlled the most valuable land, held the key military and religious offices PLEBEIANS The lower class – peasants, laborers, artisans, shopkeepers Very large group – 95% of the population Very few privileges and say Paid most of the taxes and served in the army.

A Republic form of government’s purpose is to serve the people A Republic form of government’s purpose is to serve the people. It was established in Rome when the Patricians overthrew the last monarch/king Tarquin the Proud because King Tarquin wanted more power and was cruel. The Conflict of the Orders is when the Plebeians demanded more political rights because the Patricians were controlling almost everything since Tarquin’s removal.

Some Major Differences Between the Patricians and the Plebeians Patricians could only be consuls or senators, they made and interpreted the laws, small group, wealthy, etc. Plebeians paid the heavy taxes, were the soldiers, had no political powers, were the labor force, large group

The conflict between the Plebeians and the Patricians was resolved over time by the Plebeians would leave Rome and refuse to work or serve in the military and the Patricians would compromise with the Plebeians by giving them some power and say in the government each time this happened.

Rights gained by the Plebeians over the years: Tribunes of the Plebs to represent their interests to the Senate Council of Plebs that could make laws only about themselves All laws were written down – The Twelve Tables One consul had to be a plebeian – in this way it was possible for a plebeian to become a senator Eventually could make laws that everyone (patricians and plebeians) must obey/follow

The Roman Republic

CONSULS One patrician and one plebeian Head/leaders of the Republic Run the day to day affairs of Rome and command its army

SENATORS Three hundred patricians and ex-plebeian consuls They can make and veto laws about everyone Advised the consuls

Tribunes of the Plebs Ten plebeians who represent plebeian interests to the senate Advised the consuls They can make and veto laws about everyone

Citizens Assemblies Made up of all adult male Roman citizens Nominated people to be the consuls, to be members of the senate, and to be a Tribunes of the Plebs Approved or rejected all new laws

ROME’S EXPANSION

The Punic Wars

Conquest Goes Well

took great pride in their Republic and defended it treated conquered groups as allies the Roman army was disciplined and experienced military success was greatly valued and admired by Romans winning wars was a great source of wealth to the Romans – land, valuables, slaves, etc.

Trouble at Home

farmers would be gone a long time fighting wealthy were controlling all of the land there were many poor and unemployed people in Rome Roman leaders quarreled and, at times, killed one another 5) the slaves rebelled

Fall of the Roman Republic

CAUSE Rapid expansion of the Roman Empire EFFECT Gap between the rich and poor grows

CAUSE Greedy, dishonest leaders EFFECT The poor felt no loyalty to the Roman government who was keeping them poor

CAUSE The poor felt no loyalty to the Roman government who was keeping them poor EFFECT Conflicts between rich and poor people grow

CAUSE Professional soldiers who were poor citizens and only made money if they won a battle EFFECT Soldiers only loyal to the generals who paid them

CAUSE Power hungry generals fight one another for control of government EFFECT Caesar’s rivals fear he is becoming too powerful and declare him a public enemy

EFFECT Civil War breaks out for three years CAUSE Caesar crosses the Rubicon River and brings his army with him to Rome

EFFECT This ends the Republican system of government in Rome CAUSE Caesar defeats Pompey and declares himself dictator