The English Civil War
I. Elizabeth I & Parliament Parliament = right to approve taxes/pass laws 1530s: Henry VIII (Prot.) Par. = represented people in govt. (restraint on monarchy) Two Houses: House of the Lords House of Commons Par. questioned Elizabeth’s govt. policies
II. Roots of English Revolution Elizabeth never married 1603: James Stuart of Scotland) = King James I England & Scotland ruled by same monarch
A. James I Finance & foreign policy = most attention Strong supporter of Anglican church Little tolerance of Puritans Created the King James Bible Main opposition = Par. (Puritans) Could never raise enough $ in taxes to finance policies Par. objected to James’s methods
B. Charles I 1625: James died ---Charles I took over Tension betw. monarchy & people exploded Divine right of rule----out of touch w/people Married Fr. Catholic (Henrietta Maria) Forced people to lend $ 1628: Petition of Right – Charles signed Would not levy taxes w/out Par’s consent Would not impose martial law Would not house soldiers in private homes Would not imprison people w/out specific charge Important = set forth idea that law was higher than king
Charles wanted to govern w/out opposition Did not call Par. into session for 11 yrs. Levied taxes---resentment grew Head of Anglican Church Offended Puritans ---- many left for Amer. (1630s) *CHARLES OPPOSED PURITAN SUPPORTERS OF PAR.
III. English Civil War 1637: Charles tried to impose a liturgy based on the Book of Common Prayer (Anglican) in Scotland Scots = Presbyterian Catholicism? ONE RELIGION! Scots raised an army---defeated Charles in Scotland & England Needs more $ Par. limits royal power
Citizens were divided: KKing’s supporters = royalists or cavaliers Anglicans, Catholics, nobles PParliament supporters = Puritans : supporters & opponents of King Charles fought English Civil War Oliver Cromwell (Puritan) NNew Model Army (1645)---defeated Charles 11649: Charles found guilty of treason, & beheaded *First time a monarch faced public trial & execution
A. Cromwell’s Rule 1649: he abolished the monarchy & House of Lords Est. a commonwealth (republic) Tried twice to est. a constitution, but failed Became military dictator put down uprising in Ireland
B. Puritan Morality Cromwell & Puritans = reform society Abolished theater, sports, dancing Favored religious toleration, except for Catholics
IV. Restoration & Revolution 1658: Cromwell died & his govt. collapsed 1659: New Par. selected & Charles II came to power
A. Charles II Rules Restored the monarchy --- prd. known as the Restoration 1679: habeas corpus passed by Par. Prisoner had rights Monarch could not wrongly imprison someone
B. James II Rules 1685: James II became king James = Catholic (offended many) 1688: James’s 2 nd wife bore a son (Cath. dynasty?) Mary (older daughter & Prot.) ---husband was William of Orange (Netherlands) 1688: Wm. led army to London --- Glorious Revolution
V. Limits on Monarch’s Power Wm. & Mary = Par. is PARTNER! England became a constitutional monarchy (laws limited ruler’s power)
A. Bill of Rights 1689: Par. drafted Bill of Rights to clarify limits of royal power No suspending of Par’s laws No levying taxes w/out grant from Par. No interfering w/Par’s freedom of speech No penalty for person who petitions king about grievances