Separation of Matter

Matter is Anything that has mass and takes up space (volume)   Can it be physically separated? (ex: filtration or evaporation) Is it made up of only one type of atom on the periodic table? Is the composition uniform throughout? YES NO Pure substance Mixture Heterogeneous Compound Element Homogenous

Types of matter Pure substances- 1. element ex: silver 2. compound ex: NaHCO3 Uniform, unchanging composition. Pure substances exist as either elements or compounds. Found on the periodic table cannot be separated into simpler substances by physical or chemical means It takes a nuclear reaction to break them apart! two or more elements that are chemically bonded. A chemical change is required to combine elements into compounds, or to separate compounds back into elements.

1. heterogeneous mixture Mixtures 2 types 1. heterogeneous mixture ex: 2. homogeneous mixture Not uniform throughout. Made of very large molecules. Uniform throughout: also called solutions: made of very small molecules.   Gas / Liquid: Soda (CO2 in H2O) Gas / Gas: Air (Nitrogen, Oxygen, Argon, Water Vapor) Liquid / Liquid: Gasoline (mixture of liquid hydrocarbons); Rubbing Alcohol (Isopropyl Alcohol with water); Vinegar (Acetic Acid with water) Solid / Solid: Alloy (mixture of metals), such as brass, steel, 14-karat gold

Example 1 Soda Rust Iced tea Chicken soup Dirt Chlorine Sugar Gasoline water homogenous compound heterogenous heterogenous heterogenous element compound homogenous compound

Chemical and Physical Properties

Remember, density is tricky Remember, density is tricky! While it’s a number, it’s always the same for a substance, no matter how much of it you have! ___Chemical____ properties describe the ability of a substance to undergo changes that transform it into different substances. Some sort of chemical reaction must be performed in order to observe these properties. ___Physical___ properties describe the substance itself. They can be observed or measured without altering the chemical identity of the substance (meaning no chemical reaction is necessary to view these properties)....

CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTY EXAMPLES

Types of physical properties!!! 1. Extensive physical properties 2. Intensive physical properties DO DEPEND on the amount of matter present DO NOT DEPEND on the amount of matter present **Example 2: Place an I(Intensive) or E(extensive for each of the following properties:   Malleability (hammer into sheet) I Mass E Melting point I Odor I Ability to react with acid I Volume E Ability to react with base I Clarity I Ability to react with water I Color I Ability to rust I Consistency I Ability to tarnish I Density I Viscosity (resistance to flow) I length E Boiling point I Area E Ability to conduct electricity I Luster (shine) I Dissolves in water I Hardness I Amount of Energy E Ductility (ability to be molded) I Ability to explode (combust) I Flammability (burning) I

Chemical and Physical Changes

Changes Physical Changes Chemical Changes Transform one or more substances into new, different substances. They involve some sort of reaction taking place! Do not change the identity of a substance. Changes of state are all considered to be physical changes. Just remember: 1) nothing new has formed 2) it is still the same substance How do we know if its chemical? heat An unexpected change in _______ energy (hotter or colder) A _________ is produced (bubbling) An unexpected _________ change A solid _____________ is produced (cloudiness) An unexpected apparent _________ change (means that a gas was involved) New __________ formed _________ produced (fire) gas color precipitate mass odor light

Example 3: All of the processes listed below are part of the digestive breakdown of food. For each of the following, classify them as a chemical or physical change, and give a reason why. A. Chewing food B. Breakdown of proteins C. Breakdown of carbohydrates D. Churning of food E. Starch breakdown F. food reacting with HCl Physical Chemical Chemical Physical Chemical Chemical

States of Matter and Phase Changes

States of Matter far Very container Definite container container SOLID LIQUID GAS Molecules _________ close Molecules CLOSE Molecules _____ apart ________ shape _________ volume Takes shape of __________ ________ volume Takes shape of ___________ Takes volume of ___________ VERY RESTRICTED motion – rotation and vibration in place only LIMITED freedom of motion – there is some degree of fluidity FREE TO MOVE in all directions – high degree of fluidity HIGH density (typically measured in g/mL) MEDIUM-HIGH density (less than that of solid EXCEPT for water!) LOW density (typically measured in g/L) ______ compressible (incompressible) _________ compressible ________compressed into smaller volumes Does NOT expand much with increases in temperature Expands SLIGHTLY with increases in temperature HIGHLY expansive with increases in temperature (assuming the volume of the container can change!) Diffusion SO SLOW you can hardly notice it – must ramp temperature up really high to facilitate diffusion Diffuses EASILY but less rapidly than the gaseous state Diffuses EASILY and QUICKLY far Very container Definite container container Definite Definite Not Somewhat Easily

States of Matter Very container Definite Definite Definite Somewhat SOLID LIQUID GAS Molecules _________ close Molecules CLOSE Molecules _____ apart ________ shape _________ volume Takes shape of __________ ________ volume Takes shape of ___________ Takes volume of ___________ VERY RESTRICTED motion – rotation and vibration in place only LIMITED freedom of motion – there is some degree of fluidity FREE TO MOVE in all directions – high degree of fluidity HIGH density (typically measured in g/mL) MEDIUM-HIGH density (less than that of solid EXCEPT for water!) LOW density (typically measured in g/L) ______ compressible (incompressible) _________ compressible ________compressed into smaller volumes Does NOT expand much with increases in temperature Expands SLIGHTLY with increases in temperature HIGHLY expansive with increases in temperature (assuming the volume of the container can change!) Diffusion SO SLOW you can hardly notice it – must ramp temperature up really high to facilitate diffusion Diffuses EASILY but less rapidly than the gaseous state Diffuses EASILY and QUICKLY Very container Definite Definite Definite Somewhat Not

States of Matter far Very shape container Definite volume Definite SOLID LIQUID GAS Molecules _________ close Molecules CLOSE Molecules _____ apart ________ shape _________ volume Takes shape of __________ ________ volume Takes ____________ of container VERY RESTRICTED motion – rotation and vibration in place only LIMITED freedom of motion – there is some degree of fluidity FREE TO MOVE in all directions – high degree of fluidity HIGH density (typically measured in g/mL) MEDIUM-HIGH density (less than that of solid EXCEPT for water!) LOW density (typically measured in g/L) ______ compressible (incompressible) _________ compressible ________compressed into smaller volumes Does NOT expand much with increases in temperature Expands SLIGHTLY with increases in temperature HIGHLY expansive with increases in temperature (assuming the volume of the container can change!) Diffusion SO SLOW you can hardly notice it – must ramp temperature up really high to facilitate diffusion Diffuses EASILY but less rapidly than the gaseous state Diffuses EASILY and QUICKLY far Very shape container Definite volume Definite Definite Easily Not Somewhat

Example Problem GAS A student determined that the SOLID LIQUID GAS Molecules _________ close Molecules CLOSE Molecules _____ apart ________ shape _________ volume Takes shape of __________ ________ volume Takes shape of ___________ Takes volume of ___________ VERY RESTRICTED motion – rotation and vibration in place only LIMITED freedom of motion – there is some degree of fluidity FREE TO MOVE in all directions – high degree of fluidity HIGH density (typically measured in g/mL) MEDIUM-HIGH density (less than that of solid EXCEPT for water!) LOW density (typically measured in g/L) ______ compressible (incompressible) _________ compressible ________compressed into smaller volumes Does NOT expand much with increases in temperature Expands SLIGHTLY with increases in temperature HIGHLY expansive with increases in temperature (assuming the volume of the container can change!) Diffusion SO SLOW you can hardly notice it – must ramp temperature up really high to facilitate diffusion Diffuses EASILY but less rapidly than the gaseous state Diffuses EASILY and QUICKLY A student determined that the substance he was working with took the shape of its container, had molecules that moved fast and were very far apart. He also determined that the substance was easily compressed into a smaller container. GAS

-the process of absorbing or releasing energy to PHASE CHANGES -the process of absorbing or releasing energy to change from one phase to another phase The types of phase changes include… ____________: liquid changing to vapor(boiling) liquid + energy  vapor (gas) ______________: vapor changing to liquid vapor  liquid + energy ___________: solid changing to liquid solid + energy  liquid ______________: liquid changing to solid liquid  solid + energy _______________: solid changing directly to vapor without going through the liquid phase solid + energy  vapor _______________: vapor changing directly to solid without going through the liquid phase vapor  solid + energy Vaporization Condensation Melting Freezing Sublimation Deposition

You will notice that all of the phase changes above either required an input of energy or they released energy. Each phase change is either:   Exothermic:   or Endothermic:   Example 3-7. Which phase changes are exothermic?    Example 3-8. Which phase changes are endothermic? A process that releases heat (heat exits the system) A process that takes in heat (heat enters the system) Condensation, Freezing, Deposition Melting, vaporization, sublimation

Thank you for entering the magical world of matter!!