Classified by: Structure (composition) Function (range of motion) Joint/Articulation Classified by: Structure (composition) Function (range of motion)

Types of Joints Synarthosis – Immovable Joints; usually joined by strong fibers No joint cavity Examples: sutures, joint binding tooth to socket, growth plate

Examples: Cartilage Vertebra Discs, Pubic Symphysis Amphiarthrosis No joint cavity Slightly movable joint Composed of fibrous joints Composed of cartilage joints Example: Fibrous Membrane between radius and ulna

Diarthrosis/Synovial Joint Greater range of motion Joint cavity is present Contains synovial fluid

Six General Characteristics Articular Cartilage Covered with hyaline cartilage Joint Cavity Space filled with synovial fluid Articular capsule Fibrous capsule found on the periosteum of long bones Synovial fluid Viscous fluid contains macrophages lubricates Reinforcing ligaments Fat Pads Extra padding

Types of Synovial Joints Examples Atlas and axis; Radius and ulna Pivot Joints Allows for rotation One bone rotates around another

One bone fits into another Motion is along a single plane Examples: knee and elbow, phalanges Hinge Joints One bone fits into another Motion is along a single plane

Head of bone articulates with fossa of another Ball and Socket Examples: glenoid fossa and humerous; acetabulum and femur Freely moving joint Head of bone articulates with fossa of another

Examples: carpals, tarsals, between vertebra Gliding Bones slide across one another Bones must have flattened or curved faces to glide Movement is limited

Saddle Examples: Thumb Shape resembles saddle Permits angular motion; including circumduction but not rotation

Gliding- two or more bones slide past each other Types of Movement Gliding- two or more bones slide past each other

Rotation – turning around the longitudinal axis of body Pronation and supination are a form of rotation

Pronation- turn palms posterior Supination – turn palms anterior (Anatomical position) Terms only apply to movement of radius

Angular Movements -decrease or increase the angle between two bones Flexion – decreases the angle between two bones Extension – increases the angle between two bones Hyperextension – increase the angle by > 180°

Abduction – move away from body’s midline Angular Movements flexion, extension, adduction, abduction and circumduction Abduction – move away from body’s midline To be abducted Adduction – move toward body’s midline Add to body Circumduction – cone- shaped movement

Dorsiflexion – point the toe up (superior) Plantar flexion – point the toe down (inferior) Eversion – turn ankle laterally Inversion- turn ankle medially (most common way to twist ankle)

Protraction- move body part anteriorly Retraction- move body part posteriorly Protraction Retraction

Elevation – movement of the body superiorly Depression – movement of the body inferiorly