CONTRACEPTION Senior Health

How many teens become pregnant each year (U.S.)?  About 750,000  Majority are unplanned  Factors that lead to this…  Lack of correct information  Belief of the incorrect information  Alcohol & Drugs  Peer pressure  Portrayals of risk-free sex in the media

Facts  Females can ovulate before their first menstrual period, so a teen can become pregnant before menstruation even starts.  Sperm normally live for 12 to 48 hours inside the female reproductive tract, can live as long as 6 days.  Fertilization is possible even if sexual intercourse occurs during the female’s menstrual period.  Only takes one sperm and one ovum for pregnancy to occur.  Sperm cannot be urinated out of the vagina- urine leaves the body through the urethra.

Forms of Contraception  4 Forms of Contraception  Behavioral Behavioral  Barrier Barrier  Hormonal Hormonal  Surgical Surgical

Behavioral Methods  Abstinence Abstinence  Withdrawal Withdrawal  Fertility Awareness Fertility Awareness

ABSTINENCE  Form of Contraception:  Behavioral  Effectiveness:  100%  What is it?  Choosing not to engage in sexual intercourse or sex “play”  Advantages:  Only 100% preventative measure against PREGNANCY and STDs  Cost- free

WITHDRAWAL  Form of Contraception:  Behavioral  Effectiveness:  81%  What is it?  Withdrawing the penis before ejaculation occurs  Disadvantages:  Pre-ejaculate material contains sperm  No protection against STDs  Cost- free

Fertility Awareness – “Calendar Method”  Form:  Behavioral  Effectiveness:  75%  What is it?  Selecting specific days to have sexual intercourse based on the woman’s menstrual cycle/day of ovulation.  Disadvantages:  Menstrual cycles may vary  Not a spontaneous form of contraception  Cost per calendar kit- $12

Basal Thermometer

Barrier Methods  Devices that prevent fertilization by keeping sperm from reaching the egg. Devices that prevent fertilization by keeping sperm from reaching the egg.  Blocked or spoiled before uterus Blocked or spoiled before uterus  Male Condom Male Condom  Female Condom Female Condom  Spermicidal Foam/Jelly Spermicidal Foam/Jelly  Sponge Sponge  Diaphragm & Cervical Cap Diaphragm & Cervical Cap

MALE CONDOM  Form:  Barrier, OTC (Over The Counter)  Effectiveness:  86-98%  What is it?  Rubber/latex sheath placed over the penis to collect pre-ejaculate material and semen upon ejaculation. (Some with spermicide)  Advantages:  Provides protection against STDs  Disadvantages:  Incorrect use  Latex allergies  Cost- 1.25

How do you put one of these things on?

FEMALE CONDOM  Form:  Barrier  Effectiveness:  79%  What is it?  Fits deep into the vagina, ring holds it in place, blocks sperm from entering the vagina.  Advantages:  Provide protection against STDs  Disadvantages:  Difficult to use  Hard to keep in place  Known to be noisy  Cost- $4 each

How do you put one of these things in?

Spermicide (Foam/Jelly)  Form:  Barrier  Effectiveness:  74%  What is it?  Injected into the vagina before sexual intercourse to immobilize sperm and block them from entering the uterus.  Before 5-90 min, after 6-8 hours  Disadvantages:  No protection against STDs  Messy  Have to use each intercourse act  Should be used with other forms of contraception (condom, diaphragm)  Cost- per tube $8

How do you use this stuff?

SPONGE  Form:  Barrier  Effectiveness  80%  What is it?  Placed deep into the vagina to block the cervical opening; also contains spermicide.  Remove after 6 hours  Disadvantage:  hard to insert  No protection against STD’s….  Cost- $15 per 3 pack

DIAPHRAGM & CERVICAL CAP  Form:  Barrier (Prescription)  Effective  80%  What is it?  Dome-shaped cup with flexible rim; placed deep into vagina to cover cervix  Fitted by a doctor  Advantages:  Can be implanted for up to 24 hours/48 hours  Disadvantages  Difficult to insert  Moves around during sexual intercourse  No protection against STD’s….  Cost-$ 15-75

Diaphragm

Cervical Cap

FEM CAP

Hormonal Methods -function by suppressing ovulation and preventing fertilization.  Birth Control Pill Birth Control Pill  The Patch The Patch  Vaginal Ring Vaginal Ring  The Shot The Shot  Emergency Contraception Emergency Contraception  IUD IUD  Implant Implant

BIRTH CONTROL PILL  Form:  Hormonal  Effectiveness:  95-99%  What is it?  Prevents ovulation  Thicken cervical mucous to prevent sperm from passing through to uterus  Thins uterine wall to not allow implantation to occur.  Advantages:  Period regularity  Decreased cramps  Disadvantages:  No protection against STDs  Must take at the same time every day.  Possible weight gain.  Cost- $15-50 per month

THE PATCH  Form:  Hormonal  Effectiveness:  92-99%  What is it?  Each patch in place for one week; one week without patch – menstruation.  Release hormones through the skin.  Prevents ovulation  Thicken cervical mucous to prevent sperm from passing through to uterus  Thins uterine wall to not allow implantation to occur.  Advantages:  Visual reminder that you are using birth control  No need for daily maintenance, good for a week  Disadvantages:  No protection from STDs  Similar to THE PILL  Risk for blood clots

VAGINAL RING/NUVA-RING  Form:  Hormonal  Effectiveness:  95%-99%  What is it?  Small, flexible ring that releases hormones  In vagina for 3 weeks; removed for 1 week – menstruation  Prevents ovulation  Thicken cervical mucous to prevent sperm from passing through to uterus  Thins uterine wall to not allow implantation to occur.  Advantages:  Menstrual Regularity  Disadvantages:  No protection against STDs  Irregular bleeding

THE SHOT/DEPO-PROVERA  Form:  Hormonal  Effective:  99%  What is it?  Shot will last for 3 months  Prevents ovulation  Thicken cervical mucous to prevent sperm from passing through to uterus  Thins uterine wall to not allow implantation to occur.  Advantages:  No maintenance  Decreased cramping  Disadvantages:  Does not protect against STDs  Takes weeks for the shot to “wear off”  Cost- $35-75 per injection

EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION – “THE MORNING AFTER PILL”/PLAN B  Form:  Hormonal  Effectiveness:  80-86%  What is it?  Must be taken within 72 hours of unprotected sexual intercourse  Large dose of progestin and estrogen  Over the counter for 17 years old +  Prevent ovulation if it has not already occurred  Thicken mucous in cervix and thins the wall of the uterus to prevent implantation if an egg has already been fertilized.  Disadvantages:  Does not protect against STDs

INTRA-UNTERINE DEVICE (IUD)  Form:  Barrier/Device/Hormonal  Effectiveness:  98%-99%  What is it?  Affects the mobility of the sperm  Thickens cervical mucous; thins the lining of the uterus.  Can be in place for 3-7 years.  Disadvantages:  cramping, bleeding between menstrual cycles, No protection against STD’s.  Cost- $500-$1000

BIRTH CONTROL IMPLANT  Form:  Hormonal  Effectiveness:  99%  What is it?  Hormonal regulation stick implanted into the upper arm that helps to prevent pregnancy  Thickens the cervical mucus/prevents sperm from fertilizing the egg  Disadvantages:  No protection against STDs  Advantages:  Lasts for 3 years/5 years  After removal pregnancy can be quick

Surgical Methods  Tubal Sterilization Tubal Sterilization  Vasectomy Vasectomy

FEMALE STERILIZATION – Tubal Ligation  Form:  Surgical Procedure  Effectiveness:  99.5%  What is it?  Tying off of the fallopian tubes so the sperm can not reach the egg  Disadvantages:  Does not prevent STDs  PERMANENT!!*  Advantages:  PERMANENT!  Does not decrease sexual desire  Cost

VASECTOMY  Form:  Surgical Procedure (“lunch time” surgery)  Effectiveness:  99%  What is it?  Blocks the vas deferens to keep the sperm out of the semen  Disadvantage:  PERMANENT*  Advantages:  Permanent  Does not decrease sexual desire  Cost- $