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The prevention of conception or impregnation
THE FACTS ABOUT CONTRACEPTION The prevention of conception or impregnation
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TYPES OF CONTRACEPTION
HORMONAL METHODS BARRIER METHODS SURGICAL METHODS BEHAVIORAL METHODS
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Factors that affect the choice of method
Effectiveness Convenience Cost Reversibility Side effects & risks Protection against STD’s
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HORMONAL METHODS
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Oral Contraceptives: “The Pill”
How does the pill work? Prevents release of an egg Thickens cervical mucus (making it difficult for sperm to penetrate) Advantages Allows for spontaneity Easy to use, just take 1 pill everyday Reversibility, able to reproduce after the pill is discontinued Regular cycle; less cramping & menstrual flow Disadvantages No protection vs. STDs Must be taken daily Temporary side effects Smokers increase chance of heart disease Some women forget to take the pill Cost: $20-$35/ month Effectiveness: 92% %
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Depo-Provera Injections
How Depo-Provera Works? Prevents release of an egg Thickens cervical mucus Females must get an injection every 3 months Advantages Allows for spontinatiey “private” prescription method Disadvantages No protection vs. STDs Side effects cannot be reversed until medication wears off (12 wks) Cost $50/injection + exam Effectiveness 97%-99.7%
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“Ortho-Evra”- Birth Control Patch
How it works? Prevents release of egg; thickens cervical mucus New patch is worn each week for 3 weeks Advantages Spontaneity Change weekly More regular periods; less cramping/flow Disadvantages No STD protection Temporary side effects Smoking increases risk of heart disease/stroke Cost $30-$35/month + exam Effectiveness up to 99.7%
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EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION
Used to prevent pregnancy AFTER unprotected sex is performed: usually after regular method of contraception has failed, unprotected sex was forced, etc. EC prevents pregnancy by stopping ovulation, fertilization, or implantation Can reduce the risk of pregnancy if started within 120 hours (5days) of unprotected sex They work best when taken within 72 hours — during this time they can reduce the risk of pregnancy from 75 to 89 percent. Nausea, vomiting, & cramping are common side effects Should not be used as a primary use of contraception COST $8 -$170 If exam is needed
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BARRIER METHODS
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MALE CONDOMS How condoms work? Cost: $.50 - up Effectiveness: 85%
Latex sheath placed over erect penis Prevents semen from entering vagina Advantages Cheap & easy to buy Protects vs. STDs Disadvantages Some people allergic to latex Diminishes sensation & spontaneity If not used correctly or if breakage happens, pregnancy/ STD can occur Cost: $.50 - up Effectiveness: 85%
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How Female Condoms work?
Basically it’s a vaginal pouch The man’s penis is inserted into the pouch once it’s inserted in the vagina Advantages Protection vs. STDs Easy to buy Disadvantages May be difficult to insert/take out Semen can spill out May irritate vagina/penis Cost: $2:50/condom Effectiveness: 79%
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Diaphragms/Cervical Caps
How they work Cervical Cap- a latex, dome-shaped device fits over the cervix Diaphragm- a dome-shaped rubber cup also covers cervix Both block sperm from joining egg Advantages: No major health concerns Disadvantages: difficult to put in and taking out Requires a prescription/possible refitting Maybe messy - must be used with spermacide Cost: $ exam Effectiveness: 84%-91%
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SPERMICIDES How they work Advantages
Cheap & easy to get Disadvantages Not particularly effective when used alone Must have Nonoxynol 9- to kill STDs Cost: $8-$10 Effectiveness: 71%-85% How they work Chemicals destroy the sperm cell membrane Spermicides can be foam, gel, cream, or suppositories Mostly used with another form of contraception (condoms, cervical caps, & diaphragms)
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NOT RECOMMENDED FOR TEENS
SURGICAL METHODS NOT RECOMMENDED FOR TEENS
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Female Sterilization Tubal Ligation
HOW IT WORKS an operation which blocks the tubes carrying a woman's egg to her uterus ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES PERMENANT No protection against STD’s EFFECTIVNESS: 99.5% % COST $2500
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Male Sterilization Vasectomy
HOW IT WORKS operation which blocks the vas deferens, which carry a man's sperm to the penis This operation should be considered permanent ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES Permanent No protection against STD’s EFFECTIVENESS: 99.5%-99.9% COST: $250-$1000
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BEHAVIORAL METHODS
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WITHDRAWAL HOW IT WORKS EFFECTIVENESS
The man pulls out his penis out of the vagina before he ejaculates to keep the sperm from joining the egg EFFECTIVENESS 73%-96% THIS METHOD IS NOT RECOMMENDED FOR TEENS!!! Many teens lack experience & self control to pull out in time Some men cannot tell when they are going to ejaculate Some men ejaculate very quickly Before ejaculation, almost ALL penises leak pre-ejaculatory fluid which may contain sperm
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THE BEST METHOD. . . ABSTINENCE
waiting to have sex until you are married 100% Effectiveness No cost, side effects, STD’s or unwanted pregnancies DISADVANTAGES???
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