BIOL 197L - Lab #6: PLANT MORPHOLOGY, GROWTH, MICROANATOMY, AND TRANSPORT

Identify:

Node

Identify:

Internode

Identify (the structure that develops into flowers and branches):

Axillary or lateral bud

Identify:

Petiole

Identify:

Blade

Identify: Structure Primarily present in Monocots or Eudicots?

Fibrous roots Monocots

Identify: Structure Primarily present in Monocots or Eudicots?

Taproot Eudicots

Identify: Structure Purpose

Root hairs Increased surface area for the uptake of water and nutrients

Identify: Structure Purpose

Identify:

Identify: Structure Purpose

Undifferentiated vascular traces

Identify: Structure Purpose

Axillary or lateral bud

Identify:

Leaf primordia

Identify:

Xylem

Identify:

Vascular tissue that is differentiating into vessel elements of the xylem

Plants are characterized by which type of growth?

Indeterminate growth

Stems that grow underground:

Rhizomes

Roots that grow aboveground

Adventitious roots

What are the four primary functions of roots?

(1) Anchorage of the plant in soil (2) Absorption of water and minerals from the soil (3) Conduction of water and minerals from the region of absorption to the base of the stem (4) Starch storage to varying degree

Identify:

Primary root

Identify:

Secondary root

Plants have three main tissue systems, what are they?

Dermal Ground Vascular

Identify:

Monocot root

Identify: Structure Purpose

Xylem Transportation of water and nutrients

Identify: What does it contain?

Stele, or vascular cylinder Contains the vascular tissues

The root is the only plant organ that has a vascular cylinder

Identify: Structure Purpose

Phloem Transportation of synthate

Identify: Structure Purpose

Pericycle: The outmost cell layer of the vascular cylinder, although not xylem or phloem. The pericycle is unique to roots. Gives rise to lateral roots

The vascular tissue system contains the:

Xylem Phloem

Identify:

Cortex

Identify:

Pith

Note that roots typically lack a central pith, but you will see examples of pith when you look at cross sections of stems.

Identify: Structure Purpose

Endodermis Contains the casparian strip that works to prevent water from exiting the roots

The ground tissues have many important roles in plants such as:

Support, storage, and photosynthesis

Identify: Structure Purpose

Epidermis Covered in a waxy cuticle Works to prevent water loss

In woody plants the epidermis is replaced by a tissue known as:

The periderm Which consists of:

The cork and cork cambium

The dermal tissue system forms which layer of cells?

Epidermis Endodermis

Identify: Cell type Properties and functions

Parenchyma Thin cell walls with large vacuoles The most common cell in plants Photosynthetis, storage of carbohydrates, support, and lateral transport Parenchyma cells make up the bulk of the cortex, pith, xylem, and phloem Alive when functioning

Identify: Cell type Properties and functions

Collenchyma Uneven thickening of cell walls Provide flexible support Alive when functioning

Identify: Cell type Properties and functions

Sclerenchyma Supportive cells Lignin Dead when functioning

Identify:

Stele or vascular cylinder

Identify:

Cortex

Identify:

Epidermis

Identify: Structure Purpose Monocot or Eudicot?

Xylem vessel Transportation of water and nutrients Dead when functioning Eudicot

Identify:

Phloem Transports photosynthetic synthate Living when functioning

Identify: Structure Purpose

Pericycle Gives rise to lateral roots The outmost layer of the vascular cylinder

Identify:

Endodermis Contains the casparian strip that forces water and nutrients out of the apoplast and into the symplast. The innermost layer of the cortex and it is unique to roots.

Identify:

Root cap

Identify the three regions of the root:

Region of cell division

Identify:

Region of elongation

Identify:

Region of maturation

Identify: Structure Monocot or Eudicot?

Monocot stem

Identify:

Vascular bundle

Identify:

Epidermis

Identify:

Parenchyma

Identify:

Vessel

Identify:

Phloem Sieve tube members and companion cells

Identify: Structure Monocot or Eudicot?

Eudicot stem

Identify:

Epidermis

Identify:

Cortex

Identify:

Pith

Identify:

Vascular bundle

Identify:

Fiber bundle cap

Identify: Gives rise to

Vascular cambium Secondary growth

Identify:

Xylem vessels

Identify:

Xylem tracheids

Identify:

Trichomes (leaf hairs) Stomata Guard cells Transpiration

Identify:

Mesophyll

Identify:

Upper epidermis

Identify:

Stomata

Identify:

Phloem

Identify:

Xylem

The layer below the stomata is the:

Substomatal chamber

The two types of lateral meristems are the:

Vascular cambium Cork cambium

Vascular cambium produces:

Secondary xylem towards the pith and secondary phloem towards the cortex

Secondary xylem is also known as:

Wood

The cork cambium and cork (dead at maturity) that is produced are known collectively as the:

Periderm It replaces the epidermis and cortex in stems and roorts with continual secondary growth; these new layers (secondary phloem and periderm) are known as:

Bark

Annual rings are made of secondary xylem, which make up the wood of the stem surrounding the pith. Each annual ring has several rows of spring wood, thin-walled, large-diameter cells that grew in the spring, and, outside of these, a few rows of summer wood, thick-walled, smaller- diameter cells that grew in the summer when water was less abundant.

Does this make sense? Spring = more available water = larger cells Summer = less available water = smaller cells Thus, you can distinguish spring wood and summer wood by thicker and thinner rings, respectively.

Which type of wood is this?

Spring wood

Which type of wood is this?

Summer wood

Identify:

Pith

Identify:

Lateral ray

Identify:

Annual ring

Identify:

Xylem vessels

Identify:

Vascular cambium

Identify:

Phloem

Identify:

Phloem ray

Identify:

Cork cambium

Identify:

Cork