English 306A; Harris Morphemes

English 306A; Harris A little Persian dana xub daroSt bozorg Sirin danai xubi daroSti bozorgi Sirini Suffix Morpheme {-i}

English 306A; Harris A little Persian PersianEnglish danawise xubgood daroStthick bozorgbig Sirinsweet PersianEnglish danaiwisdom xubigoodness daroStithickness bozorgisize Sirinisweetness Suffix Morpheme {-i} Noun Former

English 306A; Harris A little Persian Sirinsweet Sirinisweetness Suffix Morpheme {-i} Noun Former AfAdjective Noun AdjAdjectiveAdjAf Noun SimplexComplex adjective —> [adjective-affix] noun

English 306A; Harris The smallest signifier/signified bundles {un-} Antonym former {re-} Iterative former {draw} Verb, to make representative marks {-s} Third-singular-present agreement former {-ing} Present-participle former

English 306A; Harris Homophony/Polysemy But, … matching the signifiers and signifieds is not a piece of cake {-ing} Present-participle former “Oriana is drawing the cat” {-ing} Gerund former “Oriana’s drawing of the cat is beautiful.” {-ing} Adjective former “Oriana’s drawing chalk is the white one”

English 306A; Harris Morpheme form free (= word) bound (= affix) prefix suffix infix circumfix Morpheme function derivational change meaning dramatically, and/or word category inflectional never change category, and only change meaning very subtly Signifier Semasiology Signified Onomasiology Bound! Derivational! What type is {-i}? xubi Afadjective Noun

English 306A; Harris Morpheme form free (= word) bound (= affix) prefix suffix infix circumfix Morpheme function derivational change meaning dramatically, and/or word category inflectional never change category, and only change meaning very subtly Signifier Semasiology Signified Onomasiology xubi Afadjective Noun adjective  [adjective-i] noun

English 306A; Harris Affix rules prefix oldcategory  [affix-oldcategory] newcategory suffix oldcategory  [oldcategory-affix] newcategory infix oldcategory  [old-affix- category] newcategory circumfix oldcategory  [af-oldcategory-fix] newcategory OldAf New oooa AfOld New aooooo Old aooooa OldAf New AfOld ooaoo

English 306A; Harris Affix rules Prefix e.g. {un-}adjective  [un-adjective ] adjective {anti-}adjective  [anti-adjective ] adjective {auto-}noun  [auto-noun ] noun suffix {-er}verb  [verb-er] noun {-ness}adjective  [adjective-ness] noun {-ly}adjective  [adjective-ly] adverb unattractive anti-racist autobiography writer happiness quickly

English 306A; Harris Compounds Morphological analysis Adjective blackboard Noun

English 306A; Harris Free morpheme Morphological analysis ? fly Noun? Verb? Adjective? Adverb? Preposition? Determiner? Qualifier? Quantifier? Who cares?

English 306A; Harris Free morpheme Morphological analysis Noun fly

English 306A; Harris Free morpheme Morphological analysis Verb fly

English 306A; Harris Free morpheme Morphological analysis Adjective fly

English 306A; Harris Bound morpheme (necessarily, with a free one too) Morphological analysis flies Af? ?

English 306A; Harris Bound morpheme (necessarily, with a free one too) Morphological analysis flies AfNoun Plural

English 306A; Harris Bound morpheme (necessarily, with a free one too) Morphological analysis flies AfVerb 3rd singular present agreement

English 306A; Harris Bound morpheme (necessarily, with a free one too) Morphological analysis flies AfAdjective

English 306A; Harris Free morpheme Morphological analysis flierfliest AfAdjective AfAdjective ??

English 306A; Harris Optionality optionality

English 306A; Harris Optionality optionality Noun

English 306A; Harris Optionality optionality Af Adj Noun

English 306A; Harris Optionality optionality Adj Af Noun Af

English 306A; Harris Optionality optionality Adj AfVerbAf Noun Af

English 306A; Harris Optionality optionality Adj AfVerbAf Noun Af

English 306A; Harris Roots and stems optionality root stems

English 306A; Harris Ainu (Japan) haparu = soft ehaparu = to be unable to endure niSte = hard eniSte = to be able to endure pirka = good epirka = to gain wen = bad ewen = to lose

English 306A; Harris {e-}{e-} verb former 1.Stative have adjectival quality 2.Active change towards state described by adjective adjective —> [e-adjective] verb

English 306A; Harris Ainu (Japan) e pirka Adjective Af Verb

English 306A; Harris Bontoc (Philippines) {-um-} third-person singular masculine inchoative verb-former kumilad = he is becoming red he, not she or it he, not I or you he, not they becoming is; state change

English 306A; Harris Bontoc (Philippines) k um ilad Adjective Af Verb

English 306A; Harris Morphophonology Zoque possessives wakascow nwakasmy cow wjakashis cow pamaclothes mpamamy clothes pjamahis clothes buRudonkey mbuRumy donkey bjuRuhis donkey kamacornfield Nkamamy cornfield kjamahis cornfield

English 306A; Harris Morphophonology Zoque possessives wakascow nwakasmy cow wjakashis cow pamaclothes mpamamy clothes pjamahis clothes buRudonkey mbuRumy donkey bjuRuhis donkey kamacornfield Nkamamy cornfield kjamahis cornfield

English 306A; Harris Morphophonology Zoque possessives wakascow nwakasmy cow wjakashis cow pamaclothes mpamamy clothes pjamahis clothes buRudonkey mbuRumy donkey bjuRuhis donkey kamacornfield Nkamamy cornfield kjamahis cornfield

English 306A; Harris Morphology Zoque possessives {-j- } third-person singular masculine possessive

English 306A; Harris Morphology Zoque possessives b j uRu

English 306A; Harris Morphology noun —> [n-j-oun] noun b j uRu Noun Af Nou n

English 306A; Harris Morphophonology Zoque possessives { m -}, { n -}, { N -} first-person singular possessive

English 306A; Harris Morphophonology Zoque possessives m pama Noun Af Noun n wakas Noun Af Noun N kama Noun Af Noun Assimilation in place of articulation

English 306A; Harris Chickasaw AffirmativeNegative WordTranslationWordTranslation chokmaHe is good.ikchokmoHe isn’t good. laknaIt is yellow.iklaknoIt isn’t yellow. palliIt is hot.ikpalloIt isn’t hot. tiwwiHe opens it.iktiwwoHe doesn’t open it.

English 306A; Harris Chickasaw {-a}, {-i} third-person singular affirmative {ik- … -o} third-person singular negative Verb forms chokm- lakn- pall- tiww-

English 306A; Harris Chickasaw circumfix iklakno Verb Af Verb verb —> [ik-verb-o] verb

English 306A; Harris Circumfixes and suffixes/prefixes postmodernism Noun AdjAf iklakno Verb Af Verb Adj

English 306A; Harris Circumfixes and suffixes/prefixes postmodernismiklakno Verb Af Verb Noun AdjAf Adj

English 306A; Harris English “Circumfixes” em-bold-en en-light-en ir-regard-less a-work-in a-turn-in a-change-in

English 306A; Harris English reduplication dilly-dally heebie-jeebies chit-chat fiddle-faddle mumbo-jumbo hocus-pocus

English 306A; Harris English reduplication boy toy toy boy pooper scooper artsy-fartsy walkie-talkie wiggle-waggle

English 306A; Harris English reduplication Ping-pong vs.Table tennis

English 306A; Harris English reduplication: gang-bang Onomasiologically extremely serious referents Semasiologically trivializing reduplicative form

English 306A; Harris English {-er} farmer, writer, hiker, reader, drawer, printer, … Londoner, Winnipeger, … villager, foreigner, … printer, toaster, heater, freezer, … page-turner, reader, drawer, … chatter, mutter, flicker, … triple-decker, porker, … Agentive Locative 1 (geographic) Locative 2 (type) Instrumental Patient Frequentive Other

English 306A; Harris ? Radial network English -er specialization generalization metaphor inversion

English 306A; Harris Productivity The relative ability to produce new words. -er farmer, writer, shooter, runner, pleaser, sleeper, weeper, golfer, diddler, plumber, butcher, baker, candle-stick-maker, bliffnatter, ludniffer, … a- asexual, amoral, achromatic, …?

English 306A; Harris Productivity petro- petroleum, Petrocanda™, petrochemical, petrodollars, petropolitics, … -cast broadcast, telecast, newscast, sportscast, podcast, …

English 306A; Harris Productivity cran- cranberry, cran-apple, cran- cherry, cran-grape, cran- raspberry, crangerine, cran- mango, … huckle- huckleberry rasp- raspberry

English 306A; Harris Morphology Semasiological free (word) bound (affix) Onomasiological derivational (new word) inflectional (new function) Rules Structures Productivity break unbreakable breakable breaks verb  [verb-affix] adjective ver b Af Adj breakable breakable, lovable, knowable, movable, singable, blorkable, …