1. English 306A; Harris 1 Morphemes

2. English 306A; Harris 2 A little Persian dana xub daroSt bozorg Sirin danai xubi daroSti bozorgi Sirini Suffix Morpheme {-i}

3. English 306A; Harris 3 A little Persian PersianEnglish danawise xubgood daroStthick bozorgbig Sirinsweet PersianEnglish danaiwisdom xubigoodness daroStithickness bozorgisize Sirinisweetness Suffix Morpheme {-i} Noun Former

4. English 306A; Harris 4 A little Persian Sirinsweet Sirinisweetness Suffix Morpheme {-i} Noun Former AfAdjective Noun AdjAdjectiveAdjAf Noun SimplexComplex adjective —> [adjective-affix] noun

5. English 306A; Harris 5 The smallest signifier/signified bundles {un-} Antonym former {re-} Iterative former {draw} Verb, to make representative marks {-s} Third-singular-present agreement former {-ing} Present-participle former

6. English 306A; Harris 6 Homophony/Polysemy But, it’s not a piece of cake {-ing} Present-participle former “Oriana is drawing the cat” {-ing} Gerund former “Oriana’s drawing of the cat is beautiful.” {-ing} Adjective former “Oriana’s drawing chalk is the white one”

7. English 306A; Harris 7 English {-er} farmer, writer, hiker, reader, drawer, printer, … Londoner, Winnipeger, … villager, foreigner, … printer, toaster, heater, freezer, … page-turner, reader, drawer, … chatter, mutter, flicker, … triple-decker, porker, … Agentive Locative 1 (geographic) Locative 2 (type) Instrumental Patient Frequentive Other

8. English 306A; Harris 8 ? Radial network English -er specialization generalization metaphor inversion

9. English 306A; Harris 9 Productivity The relative ability to produce new words. -er farmer, writer, shooter, runner, pleaser, sleeper, weeper, golfer, diddler, plumber, butcher, baker, candle-stick-maker, bliffnatter, ludniffer, … a- asexual, amoral, achromatic, …?

10. English 306A; Harris 10 Productivity petro- petroleum, Petrocanda™, petrochemical, petrodollars, petropolitics, … -cast broadcast, telecast, newscast, sportscast, podcast, …

11. English 306A; Harris 11 Productivity cran- cranberry, cran-apple, cran- cherry, cran-grape, cran- raspberry, crangerine, cran- mango, … huckle- huckleberry rasp- raspberry

12. English 306A; Harris 12 Morpheme form free (= word) bound (= affix) prefix suffix infix circumfix Morpheme function derivational change meaning dramatically, and/or word category inflectional never change category, and only change meaning very subtly Signifier Semasiology Signified Onomasiology Bound! Derivational! What type is {-i}? xubi Afadjective Noun

13. English 306A; Harris 13 Morpheme form free (= word) bound (= affix) prefix suffix infix circumfix Morpheme function derivational change meaning dramatically, and/or word category inflectional never change category, and only change meaning very subtly Signifier Semasiology Signified Onomasiology xubi Afadjective Noun adjective  [adjective-i] noun

14. English 306A; Harris 14 Affix rules prefix oldcategory  [affix-oldcategory] newcategory suffix oldcategory  [oldcategory-affix] newcategory infix oldcategory  [old-affix- category] newcategory circumfix oldcategory  [af-oldcategory-fix] newcategory OldAf New oooa AfOld New aooooo New aooooa OldAf New AfOld ooaoo

15. English 306A; Harris 15 Compounds Morphological analysis Adjective blackboard Noun

16. English 306A; Harris 16 Free morpheme Morphological analysis ? fly Noun? Verb? Adjective? Adverb? Preposition? Determiner? Qualifier? Quantifier? Who cares?

17. English 306A; Harris 17 Free morpheme Morphological analysis Noun fly

18. English 306A; Harris 18 Free morpheme Morphological analysis Verb fly

19. English 306A; Harris 19 Free morpheme Morphological analysis Adjective fly

20. English 306A; Harris 20 Bound morpheme (necessarily, with a free one too) Morphological analysis flies Af? ?

21. English 306A; Harris 21 Bound morpheme (necessarily, with a free one too) Morphological analysis flies AfNoun Plural

22. English 306A; Harris 22 Bound morpheme (necessarily, with a free one too) Morphological analysis flies AfVerb 3rd singular present agreement

23. English 306A; Harris 23 Bound morpheme (necessarily, with a free one too) Morphological analysis flies AfAdjective

24. English 306A; Harris 24 Free morpheme Morphological analysis flierfliest AfAdjective AfAdjective ??

25. English 306A; Harris 25 Optionality optionality

26. English 306A; Harris 26 Optionality optionality Noun

27. English 306A; Harris 27 Optionality optionality Af Adj Noun

28. English 306A; Harris 28 Optionality optionality Adj Af Noun Af

29. English 306A; Harris 29 Optionality optionality Adj AfVerbAf Noun Af

30. English 306A; Harris 30 Optionality optionality Adj AfVerbAf Noun Af

31. English 306A; Harris 31 Roots and stems optionality root stems

32. English 306A; Harris 32 Ainu (Japan) haparu = soft ehaparu = to be unable to endure niSte = hard eniSte = to be able to endure pirka = good epirka = to gain wen = bad ewen = to lose

33. English 306A; Harris 33 {e-}{e-} verb former 1.Stative have adjectival quality 2.Active change towards state described by adjective adjective —> [e-adjective] verb

34. English 306A; Harris 34 Ainu (Japan) e pirka Adjective Af Verb

35. English 306A; Harris 35 Bontoc (Philippines) kumilad = he is becoming red fumusul = he is becoming an enemy fikas = strong fumikas = he is becoming strong fusul = enemy bato = stone bumato = he is becoming hard kilad = red What’s he reading?

36. English 306A; Harris 36 Bontoc (Philippines) {-um-} third-person singular masculine inchoative verb-former kumilad = he is becoming red he, not she or it he, not I or you he, not they becoming is; state change

37. English 306A; Harris 37 Bontoc (Philippines) k um ilad Adjective Af Verb

38. English 306A; Harris 38 Morphophonology Zoque possessives wakas cow nwakas my cow wjakas his cow pama clothes mpama my clothes pjama his clothes buRu donkey mbuRu my donkey bjuRu his donkey kama cornfield Nkama my cornfield kjama his cornfield

39. English 306A; Harris 39 Morphophonology Zoque possessives wakas cow nwakas my cow wjakas his cow pama clothes mpama my clothes pjama his clothes buRu donkey mbuRu my donkey bjuRu his donkey kama cornfield Nkama my cornfield kjama his cornfield

40. English 306A; Harris 40 Morphophonology Zoque possessives wakas cow nwakas my cow wjakas his cow pama clothes mpama my clothes pjama his clothes buRu donkey mbuRu my donkey bjuRu his donkey kama cornfield Nkama my cornfield kjama his cornfield

41. English 306A; Harris 41 Morphology Zoque possessives {-j- } third-person singular masculine possessive

42. English 306A; Harris 42 Morphology Zoque possessives b j uRu

43. English 306A; Harris 43 Morphology noun —> [n-j-oun] noun b j uRu Noun Af Nou n

44. English 306A; Harris 44 Morphophonology Zoque possessives { m -}, { n -}, { N -} first-person singular possessive

45. English 306A; Harris 45 Morphophonology Zoque possessives m pama Noun Af Noun n wakas Noun Af Noun N kama Noun Af Noun Assimilation in place of articulation

46. English 306A; Harris 46 Morphology Semasiological free (word) bound (affix) Onomasiological derivational (new word) inflectional (new function) Rules Structures Productivity break unbreakable breakable breaks verb  [verb-affix] adjective VAf Adj breakable breakable, lovable, knowable, movable, singable, blorkable, …