By: Abdulaziz Alhoshan Motivation By: Abdulaziz Alhoshan

Agenda What is Motivation? Early Theories Hierarchy of Needs Theory Theory X and Theory Y Two Factor Theory Contemporary Theories of Motivation McClelland’s Theory of Needs Cognitive Evaluation Theory

What is Motivation? The processes that account for an individual’s intensity, direction and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal Is a psychological feature that arouses an organism to act towards a desired goal and elicits, controls, and sustains certain goal-directed behaviors. Is an inner drive to behave or act in a certain manner Key Elements Intensity: how hard a person tries Direction: toward beneficial goal Persistence: how long a person tries

Early Theories of Motivation

Hierarchy of Needs Theory Proposed by Abraham Maslow in his 1943 paper "A Theory of Human Motivation" in Psychological Review. Maslow studied the healthiest 1% of the college student population Maslow's theory was fully expressed in his 1954 book Motivation and Personality [ Source: ]

Hierarchy of Needs Theory

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Self-Actualization and Self-fulfillment Needs Safety and Security Needs (Protection, order, stability) Belonging and Social Needs (affection, friendship, belonging) Esteem and Status Needs (Prestige, status, self esteem) Physiological Needs (Food, water, air, shelter, sex)

Development of Maslow’s Model Clayton Alderfer redefined Maslow’s model to align it with empirical research The revised model is labeled ERG theory

Growth Needs Existence Needs Relatedness Needs Self-Actualization and Self-fulfillment Needs Esteem and Status Needs (Prestige, status, self esteem) Safety and Security Needs (Protection, order, stability) Belonging and Social Needs (affection, friendship, belonging) Physiological Needs (Food, water, air, shelter, sex) Growth Needs Relatedness Needs Existence Needs

Theory X and Theory Y Created and developed by Douglas McGregor at the MIT Sloan School of Management in the 1960s Describes perceptions managers hold on their employees, not the way they generally behave It is attitude not attributes [ Source: ]

Theory X and Theory Y

Two-Factor Theory Developed by Frederick Herzberg, a psychologist, who theorized that job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction act independently of each other It distinguishes between Hygiene factors and Motivation factors [ Source: ]

Two-Factor Theory

Herzberg’s Two-factor Theory Motivational Factors Nature of work Possibility of achievement Possibility of growth Nature of responsibility Carrier Advancement Amount of Recognition Increases the level of motivation Status Relationship supervisors Peer relations Relations with subordinates Quality of supervision Job Security Working conditions Pay Maintenance Factors Maintains the level of motivation

Contemporary Theories of Motivation

McCLELLAND’s Theory of Needs Created by psychologist David McClelland Attempt to explain how the needs for achievement, power and affiliation affect the actions of people from a managerial context

McCLELLAND’s Theory of Needs

Cognitive Evaluation Theory Designed to explain the effects of external consequences on internal motivation introduction of extrinsic rewards for work effort that was previously rewarded intrinsically will tend to decrease the overall level of a person’s motivation. Self-Concordance – the degree to which a person’s reasons for perusing a goal are consistent with his/her interest and core values.