Biochemistry 3.1 Carbon Compounds 3.2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Biochemistry 3.1 Carbon Compounds 3.2 Molecules of Life

Carbon Compounds Life on earth is “carbon based” Carbon can make millions of different molecules Carbon always makes 4 bonds, has 4 outer electrons Carbon compounds are called “organic compounds” Three forms or shapes 1. Straight Chains 2. Branched Chains 3. Rings Carbon can single, double or triple bond to other carbon

Functional Groups 1. Hydroxyl – can make molecules polar and stick together 2. Carboxyl – to make fats and protein 3. Amino – found in proteins 4. Phosphate – for energy storage and release

Large Carbon Molecules Monomer = one unit Polymer = many units = macromolecules Condensation Reactions (Dehydration) Link monomers together by removing water molecules Hydrolysis Reactions Break macromolecules down into monomers by adding water molecules

Sec 2 – Molecules of Life 4 Major Categories 1. Carbohydrates – sugar and starch 2. Proteins – meat and beans 3. Lipids – fats 4. Nucleic Acids – DNA and RNA

1. Carbohydrates C H O Carbon : Hydrogen : Oxygen 1:2:1 ratio Saccharide = Sugar Either monosaccharide, disaccharide or polysaccharide one two many energy energy energy/structure Animals store carbohydrates as glycogen Plants store carbohydrates as starch and cellulose Polysaccharides are chains of sugar put together by dehydrations reactions

2. Proteins C H O N Made of many amino acid monomers, like trains are made up of connected parts. 20 different amino acids can make millions of proteins Each amino acid is a carbon bonded to 4 groups amino group, carboxyl, hydrogen AND one variable Polypeptides are chains of amino acids put together by dehydrations reactions

3. Lipids C H O Large, nonpolar and don’t dissolve in water Like carbohydrates but less oxygen, more carbon and oxygen Fatty Acids are made of long carbon chains with one polar and one nonpolar end Polar likes water = hydrophillic = water lover Nonpolar hates water = hydrophobic = water fearer Can be saturated (full of hydrogen) or unsaturated (room for more hydrogen) single or double bonds

3. Lipids Triglycerides = glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains Phospholipids = glycerol and 2 fatty acid chains AND a phosphate group Phospholipids make up cell membranes Other lipids include waxes and steroids

4. Nucleic Acids C H O N Some of the largest and most complex molecules DNA and RNA These store the information of life and direct all cellular activities These are still polymers made from many repeating monomers linked together by dehydration reactions The monomers are called nucleotides and are made from a sugar, phosphate and a base

Test Prep Answers p.63 1.D 2. G 3. B 4. F 5. D 6. J 7. B 8. G Short Response: The proteins change shape when heated and tangle together make more of a solid. Extended Response: a. Allow reactions to occur or occur faster b. When a substrate binds the enzyme, the enzyme changes shape weakening some bonds or forcing other to form Answering questions 1-23 on p.62 is a very good idea, see me for help All vocabulary are important