Do Now On a piece of paper answer the following question: Where did Europe stand at the end of the French Revolution? Congress of Vienna Napoleon sent to St. Helena France a monarchy again Great Britain, Russia, Prussia, Austria still monarchies = international equilibrium of political & military forces!! (so no one could take over again . . . )

The Industrial Revolution Agricultural Revolution Improved Farming Industrial Revolution! Energy Revolution Population Explosion!

The Industrial Revolution

The Great Powers The Great Powers or Quadruple Alliance dominated international politics after Napoleon (1815-1848) Austria Russia Prussia Great Britain (kinda) France

Metternich Prince Klemens Wenzel von Metternich (wowza, right?) Austrian foreign minister (1809-1848) Great diplomat Born into landed nobility Big role in French Revolution Arranged marriage of Napoleon with Austrian Entered Austria into 6th Coalition

Metternich & Dual Revolution Austria, Prussia, Russia (under Metternich) start crusade against ideas & politics = dual revolution Suppress liberal and revolutionary movements across Europe Lasted until 1848 = CONSERVATISM

Metternich & Conservatism Why conservatism after revolution? Metternich believed too much bloodshed had happened because of revolutionary movements Also, Austria a diverse group - Hugarians, Czechs, Austrians, etc. – didn‘t want them revolting Actions against liberalism/nationalism/etc. Carlsbad Decrees = Germans required to root out liberal ideas in universities & newspapers

“Today the greatest evil—and therefore the most immediate—is the press —Metternich to Gentz, June 1819

New Ideologies Emerged – Isms! Following peace, people questioned what had happened Rejected conservatism – tradition, monarchy, landowning aristocracy, official church Thinkers developed new visions (ideologies) Ideology: the body of doctrine, myth, belief, etc., that guides an individual, social movement, institution, class, or large group.

Liberalism France & America liberty and equality Individual freedoms Laissez faire = unrestricted enterprise, no government interference in economy Usually middle class Not revolutionary/radical enough?

Nationalism People had unity, usually in common language or history and led to desire for independent state (cultural unity) Europe had lots of languages & histories sharing space Strong sense of “we/they” = strong desire for unity & strong sense of superiority

Socialism backlash against individualism more community greater economic equality between rich and poor Against capitalism (private control of goods for profit) Against laissez-faire Most famous socialist: KARL MARX

Karl Marx Communist Manifesto (1848) Society split more between bourgeoisie (middle class) & proletariat (working class) = class conflict Proletariat eventually overthrow the bourgeoisie in violent revolution Created one of biggest ISMs in human history

Conservatism Challenged Greeks freed from Ottoman Empire (1815-1830) Various reforms in Great Britain (more men voting, limited workdays, etc.) Ireland’s Potato Famine Population increase, potato crops decrease = anger at Britain and Irish nationalism Another Revolution in France (1830) Another king tried to take away rights, but people revolted

Isms + Economic Crisis = Revolution Rapid population growth + industrialization = economic crisis by the 1840s Bad harvests High prices Unemployment everywhere Lots of people Outbreaks all over Europe, but all failed

+ = France, again A King + Revolution = a Napoleon Almost exactly like the French Revolution, watch . . . A King + Revolution = a Napoleon + =

France, again King Louis Philippe refuse reforms Middle class workers revolt King abdicates throne to grandson, but French don’t want monarchy Revolutionaries draft constitution for 2nd Republic & elect Constituent Assembly Clash over ideas of socialism = violent uprising called “June Days” Louis Napoleon , nephew of Napoleon, elected

Elsewhere . . . Austria - 1848 Prussia - 1848 Revolutionary spirit began in Hungary Revolutionaries weak b/c of different nationalist ideas Army broke down revolt Aristocracy & royalty strong Middle-class & workers revolt - want constitution King Frederick William IV caves in Natl. Assembly elects FW as King FW disbands Assembly Attempts to unit German Confederation of state fails

Questions to Consider: Could the Great Powers have done anything to stop the revolutions later in the 19th century? Which ideology – ism – do you think would have been most successful for European countries at this time? Why do the 1848 revolutions fail? Does conservatism win? What do you think happens to Europe next in these years before World War I?