1. Revolutions in Europe
Chapter 20

2. Section 1
An Age of Ideologies

3. A “Revolutionary Seed”
Prince Clemens von Metternich warned that a seed had been planted in Europe that threatened Europe’s monarchs and undermined its basic social values. This seed was nourished with the ideas spread by the French Revolution and Napoleon Bonaparte.
“Passions are let loose to overthrow everything that society respects as the basis of its existence: religion, public morality, laws, customs, rights, and duties, all are attacked, confounded [defeated], overthrown, or called in question.”

4. Conservatives Prefer the Old Order
The Clash of people with opposing ideologies, or systems of thought and belief, plunged Europe into more than 30 years of turmoil.
Conservatives put together an agreement called the Concert of Europe, in which they pledged to support the old political and social order.
They vowed to suppress revolutionary ideas and to aid each other in fighting rebellions.

5. Liberals and Nationalists Seek Change
wanted governments to be based on constitutions and the separation of powers.
believed male property owners should constitute the voting public.
wanted an open market economy.
Nationalists
sought to create various independent states for people who shared a common heritage.
Wanted Unity, Independence, and Identity.

6. Liberals vs Conservatives
Issue
Conservatives
Male property owners
Who Should Rule
Monarch and nobles
Protect basic rights to liberty and property
Goals of Government
Stability and order
Republic with constitution and separation of powers
Form of Government
Monarchy
Laissez faire
Economy
Controlled by nobles
Freedom of religion
Religion
Established church

7. Liberals vs Conservatives
Issue
Conservatives
Male property owners
Who Should Rule
Monarch and nobles
Protect basic rights to liberty and property
Goals of Government
Stability and order
Republic with constitution and separation of powers
Form of Government
Monarchy
Laissez faire
Economy
Controlled by nobles
Freedom of religion
Religion
Established church

8. European Revolts in the Early 1800s
Serbia
Karageorge leads war against Ottomans from 1804 – 1813
In 1815, Obrenovic turns to Russia for assistance.
In 1830, Serbs win autonomy, or self-rule.
Russia continues to defend Serbian interests.

9. European Revolts in the Early 1800s
Greece
Greeks revolts against the Ottomans in 1821.
Romantic writers like Lord Byron support the Greeks.
In 1820s, Britain, France, and Russia force Ottomans to grant independence to some Greek provinces.
In 1830, Greece is forced to accept a German King.

10. European Revolts in the Early 1800s
Other Revolts
Rebels in Spain, Portugal, and some Italian states.
France crushes revolt in Spain.
Austria crushes revolt in Italy.

11. Section 2
Revolutions of 1830 and 1848

12. European Revolutions Against Conservatives
Country
Year
Rebel Groups
Liberalism, Nationalism, or Both
Outcomes
(What occurred?)
France
1830
Belgium
Students
Workers
Both
Sparked by France
Barricade put up in Prussia
Became an independent state with a liberal constitution
Poland
students,
Army officers
Land owners
Nationalism
Fail to win independence
Crushed by Russian forces
Some fled to western Europe and America for freedom.

13. European Revolutions Against Conservatives
Country
Year
Rebel Groups
Liberalism, Nationalism, or Both
Outcomes
(What occurred?)
France
1830
Liberals, Radicals, and citizens.
Both
July Revolution inspired further revolution.
Controlled Paris
Charles X abdicates throne – flees to England.
Constitutional monarchy under Louis Philippe (Citizen King)
Middle Class Prospered
Belgium
Students & Workers
Belgium became an independent state with a liberal constitution in 1831.
Poland
Students, officers, and landowners.
Nationalism
Rebels crushed by Russia
Survivors fled to Western Europe and the U.S.

14. European Revolutions Against Conservatives
Country
Year
Rebel Groups
Liberalism, Nationalism, or Both
Outcomes
(What occurred?)
France
1848

15. European Revolutions Against Conservatives
Country
Year
Rebel Groups
Liberalism, Nationalism, or Both
Outcomes
(What occurred?)
France
1848
Radicals, Utopian Socialists, Liberals, Workers, & Peasants.
Liberalism
“February Days” – a series of riots against the government.
Louis Philippe abdicates the throne.
Second Republic formed
“June Days”
Workers protest – attacked by bourgeoisie liberals and peasants fearing loss of land.
Social Divisions
New Constitution
Suffrage for all adult men
Strong President – Louis Napoleon (Napoleon III)
Second Empire when Louis Napoleon becomes Emperor.

16. European Revolutions Against Conservatives
Country
Year
Rebel Groups
Liberalism, Nationalism, or Both
Outcomes
(What occurred?)
Austrian Empire
1848
Students and workers, Journalists
People of Budapest
Both
Metternich censors press but books are smuggled in
Metternich resigns and flees in disguise.
Kossuta demands an independent government for Hungarians as well as end to serfdom, consitutuion, and basic rights
Temporary agreement to reforms, but then Austrian army takes control and rebels are smashed in Budapest.
Italy
Italian Nationalists
People wanted a constitutional government
Independent republics set up France and Austria prevented new governments from ruling
expelled pope
German States

17. European Revolutions Against Conservatives
Country
Year
Rebel Groups
Liberalism, Nationalism, or Both
Outcomes
(What occurred?)
Austrian Empire
1848
Students, workers, & nationalists.
Both
Metternich resigns and flees in disguise.
Nationalist protests in Prague and Vienna led to temporary reforms.
Rebels smashed in Budapest.
Italy
Nationalists
Nationalism
Austrian troops ousted new governments in Northern Italy
Pope restored to power
German States
Students
Frederick William IV agrees to a new Constitution he dissolves within a year.
Frederick William rejects an offer to become the united King of Germany from the assembly because it came “from the gutter” – the people.