1. The Peace Settlement Chapter 23 Part I

2. The European Balance of Power
At the Congress of Vienna (1815) Britain, Prussia, Russia, and Austria attempted to establish a balance of power in Europe.
They dealt with France moderately, they did not want to sow the seeds of another war (No Reparations).
Members of the Quadruple Alliance settled their own differences.

3. Europe after the Congress of Vienna

4. Intervention and Repression
Austria, Russia, and Prussia formed the Holy Alliance in 1815 vowing to intervene in any autocratic rulers threat to power.
Klemens von Metternich, the Austrian foreign minister, organized the intervention of Austrian and French troops to destroy revolutionary governments in Spain and Sicily.
Klemens von Metternich

5. Metternich and Conservatism
Metternich was born into the landed nobility of the Rhineland.
He believed liberalism had led to a generation of war and bloodshed.
Metternich came to symbolize the conservative reaction to the French Revolution.
As a leader of the Austrian Empire, which included many different nationalities, Metternich could only fear the rise of nationalism in Europe.

6. Austrian Empire Ethnicities

7. Radical Ideas and Early Socialism Chapter 23 Part I

8. Liberalism
Liberalism demanded representative gov’t as opposed to autocratic monarchy, equality before the law as opposed to legally separated classes.
Liberalism was not defeated by the settlement of 1815.
Liberalism faced more radical ideological competitors in the early nineteenth century.
After 1815 liberalism came to be identified with the class interests of the capitalists

9. Laissez-Faire Adam Smith-Wealth of Nations
Free competition and open markets

10. Nationalism
Nationalists argued that each people had its own mission and cultural unity.
Nationalists sought to turn cultural unity into political unity and national independence
The rise of industrial and urban society required common culture and common language, leading to standardization in these areas.

11. Nationalism
In the early 1800s nationalism was generally linked to liberal republican ideology.
The very act of defining “the nation” excluded or even demonized others, setting up a potentially dangerous “we-they” dichotomy.

12. French Utopian Socialism
Socialism generally included the ideas of government planning of the economy (the Jacobin example), greater economic equality, and state regulation of property.
St. Simon
Fourier
Blanc
Proudhon

13. French Utopian Socialism
Count Henri de Saint-Simon-The key to progress was proper social organization Parasites give way to the Doers!
Charles Fourier-Believed in emancipation of women and self-sufficient communities
Louis Blanc-Urged workers to call for universal voting rights and take control of the state peacfully
Pierre Joseph Proudhon- “What is Property” his answer…profit that was stolen from the worker. He often considered an anarchist.

14. French Utopian Socialism
Louis Blanc-Urged workers to call for universal voting rights and take control of the state peacfully
Pierre Joseph Proudhon- “What is Property” his answer…profit that was stolen from the worker. He often considered an anarchist.

15. The Birth of Marxian Socialism
In 1848 he write The Communist Manifesto with Engels. It is widely known as the bible of socialism.
Karl Marx predicted the proletariat (workers) would overthrow capitalists (bourgeoisie) in a violent revolution.
Marx was “the last of the classical economists,” influenced strongly by David Ricardo and his “iron law of wages.”