1. Revolutions of 1830 and 1848
Chapter 4.2

2.  French Rebels Win in 1830
The Congress of Vienna restored Louis XVIII to the French throne.
Although he put a constitution in place, he retained much power. When he died, his brother Charles X inherited the throne.
Charles closed the legislature, limited the right to vote and restricted the press.
Liberals and radicals responded, attacking the King’s soldiers. Within days, rebels controlled Paris and Charles fled to England.

3. King Charles X
King Louis XVIII

4. French Rebels Win in 1830 Cont.
With the King gone, moderate liberals set up a constitutional monarchy and chose Louis Philippe as king, who had supported the 1789 Revolution.
He was known as the “Citizen King” because the people voted him in.
Under Louis, the bourgeoisie prospered.
He favored the middle class at the expense of workers.
He only gave suffrage to the wealthy.

5.  The Spirit of Reform Spreads
“When France sneezes, Europe catches a cold.” (Metternich)
Revolts in Paris inspired the outbreak of uprisings throughout Europe.
Most were suppressed by military force, but some rebels did win changes.

6.  The Spirit of Reform Spreads Cont.
Belgium successfully won their independence from the Dutch as a result of the 1830 revolutions.
Nationalists rebelled in Poland, but unlike Belgium, Poland failed to win independence from Russia.

7.  The French Revolt Again in 1848
Discontent began to grow again in France in the 1840’s.
Radicals formed secret societies to work for a French Republic.
In 1848, a recession brought a period of reduced economic activity.
Factories shut down and people lost their jobs.
Paris was again ripe for revolution!

8. The French Revolt Again in 1848 Cont.
Angry crowds took to the streets during “February Days,” where they overturned everything in sight and blocked the streets.
Louis Philippe abdicated and radical, socialist leaders proclaimed the “Second Republic.”

9. The French Revolt Again in 1848 Cont.
Deep differences divided the new government. Socialists wanted radical social and economic change.
By June, upper and middle class interests had won control. Their ideas clashed with workers and once again, rebels violently took to the streets.
The “June Days” left a bitter legacy.
The middle class bourgeoisie feared the socialists and the working class hated the bourgeoisie.

10. The French Revolt Again in 1848 Cont.
The National Assembly issued a constitution for the Second Republic, with a President and Legislature.
They also gave suffrage to ALL men.
Only 200,000 could vote before and now it was 9 million!

11. The French Revolt Again in 1848 Cont.
Napoleon Bonaparte’s nephew Napoleon III was voted in as President in 1848.
He won over liberals and conservatives alike In 1852, he proclaimed himself “Emperor,” thus ending the Second Republic and beginning the “Second Empire.”

12.  Revolution Surges Through Europe
The 1848 revolts in Paris started a wave of revolution across Europe.
Liberals wanted more political power and rights for all men, and workers demanded relief from miseries of the Industrial Revolution.
Revolts broke out in Austria and Metternich resigned.
In Hungary, journalist & nationalist Louis Kossuth demanded independence from Austria and so did Czechoslovakia.
Overwhelmed, the Austrian gov’t agreed.

13. Revolution Surges Through Europe Cont.
Uprisings also erupted in Italian states and they began setting up independent republics.
They too demanded independence from Austria. Revolutionaries even expelled the Pope from Rome!
The Austrian government sent troops in to try and stop the rebellions and restore order.

14. Revolution Surges Through Europe Cont.
In the German states, they argued whether they should be a Republic or Monarchy and whether to include Austria in a united German State.
By 1850, rebellion faded, ending the age of liberal revolution that had begun in Some temporary reforms had occurred, but most were short-lived.

15. Just For Review Why did the revolts fail? Use of military force
Revolutionaries didn’t have mass support
Constitutions that represented their principles were withdrawn or replaced