History of Policing PSCI 2481 Wyatt Earp Ofc. Pete Malloy Wyatt Earp at about age 21, photo about 1869 1968 Martin Milner was chosen by actor/producer Jack Webb (of "Dragnet" fame) to play the role of Officer Pete Malloy on NBC TV's "Adam-12" in 1968 PSCI 2481 Wyatt Earp Ofc. Pete Malloy

A BRIEF HISTORY OF POLICING Pre-Colonial Policing in England Colonial Policing in America Post-Revolutionary Policing The Rise of the Police Department (1790s-1840s) The Political Era The “Service” Department (1840s-1920s) The Reform Era Crime Fighting as Police Business (1930s-1970s) The Modern Era Community-Problem Solving (1980s - ????)

Early Policing in England “Era of voluntary peacekeeping” 1285 Statute of Winchester - Citizens are required to pursue criminals under the direction of the Constable. 1361 Justices of the Peace appointed by the Crown Watchmen introduced by King Charles II (1649-1685). The system of crime prevention and law enforcement had hardly changed since the Medieval times. JPs or Justices of the Peace were appointed by the Crown (and had been since 1361). These were assisted by Constables who only worked part-time and were very unreliable as the pay was so bad! Watchmen were also employed. These were called Charleys after King Charles II who introduced them.   The problem with Charleys was that they were useless! The Lord Mayor of London, Matthew Wood said that they spent very little time patrolling, instead they would be in their boxes playing cards, going to pubs with prostitutes or sleeping! He also said that some of them took bribes from criminals.

Early Policing in England 1748 - Henry Fielding – author of “Tom Jones” takes over as JP of the Bow Street Court “Inquiry into the Causes of (Crime)” Leads efforts to educate the public about the crime problem - Covent Garden Journal Also publishes the Weekly Pursuit - a 1 page flyer (precursor of the modern “.Ten Most Wanted” List) Organizes an ex-constable band called the “Bow Street Runners” - salaried group of “vigilantes” but also the first London force. London was growing fast, and so was the crime rate, and something needed to be done. The famous writer Henry Fielding (author of Tom Jones) became chief magistrate at Bow Street Court in 1748. He wrote a report about the rise in crime, and published it in 1751.   His Inquiry into the Causes of the Late Increase of Robbers broke down the problems: --- too many people coming to London expecting an easy life --- corruption in the government --- people were choosing crime rather than hard work --- the constables were mostly useless - only 6 out of 80 were worth keeping on. He set up a horse patrol and a magazine called the Covent Garden Journal to give people information about crimes and criminals  http://www.learnhistory.org.uk/cpp/bow.htm

American Colonial Period The Early Colonies: An Era of Self-policing: Similar backgrounds, similar religious beliefs, little to steal, nowhere to hide, towns provided protection against the wilderness. (similar to the society found in Tristan de Cuhna) (Of course, the settlers were hardly the cream of European society. Many were legal and religious castoffs.) Note the original Jamestown colony was wiped out by Indians. While the colonies could police themselves and were able to sanction individual criminal acts, there was little in the way of “national defense” to protect the colonists against overwhelming force from outside the community.

American Colonial Period Era of British Rule: Two principal “police” institutions The Constable Chosen by the townspeople Job - Suppress violations of community religious (moral) edicts, primarily victimless crimes. Keep drunks in line. Watch for gambling and prostitution. The Night Watch A patrol of “volunteers” supervised by a Constable Report drunks and single women out after dark. Duty was avoided by paying others to take your shift. (precursor of the paid police force) As the colonies developed and Britain came to dominate the North Americas…

American Colonial Period During this period, citizens, regardless of their economic status, were responsible for the identification and pursuit of criminal offenders. Once a criminal was identified, it was the citizens’ responsibility to raise the “hue and cry” and to join the posse to track down the criminal. In those days, the penalties were severe so criminals had the incentive to run. Detection of crime was largely a private affair. Initiatives were encouraged through rewards paid to informers. The early years were marked by high levels of lawlessness especially in certain sections of urbanized areas were agents of the law were rarely seen.

American Colonial Period While night watch groups were established in the northern colonies, groups of white men organized slave patrols in the southern colonies. Slave patrols were responsible for controlling, returning, and punishing runaway slaves. These slave patrols are generally considered to be the first "modern" police organizations in this country. http://law.jrank.org/pages/1640/Police-History-Early-policing-in-colonial-America.html In 1837, Charleston, South Carolina, had a slave patrol with over 100 officers, which was far larger than any northern city police force at that time!

American Colonial Period Policing on the western frontier varied widely. Settlers originally from northern colonies created marshals and police “forces” similar to those in northern colonies. Settlers from southern colonies relied on sheriffs and posses. In many western settlements, however, there was no formal organized law enforcement. In these areas, groups of vigilantes were formed by volunteer citizens to combat any threat to the order of the settlements. http://law.jrank.org/pages/1640/Police-History-Early-policing-in-colonial-America.html

The First Police Departments London (“The British Model”) Formed in 1829 under the command of Robert Peel. His officers were first called “Peelers” and later “Bobbies”, a derogatory term at first used by British citizens suspicious of this new police presence in their community. The British citizens seemed to have a tradition of naming government representatives. Remember King Charles II watchmen were called Charleys.

The MPF became a model for all British provincial police forces. Police force of over 1000 officers with a new approach to crime fighting. The MPF became a model for all British provincial police forces. Policing was a political business even in “Merry Ole England”. Peel founded the Metropolitan Police Force when he was Home Secretary in Lord Liverpool’s Cabinet. The success of the Metropolitan Police of London led to Peel’s eventual rise to Prime Minister of England in 1835. This force became the model for the creation of all the provincial police forces; at first in the London Boroughs, and then into the counties and towns, after the passing of the County Police Act in 1839. (An ironic point:  the Lancashire town of Bury, birthplace of Sir Robert, was the only major English town to elect not to have its own separate police force.) http://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/England-History/SirRobertPeel.htm

http://www. historic-uk. com/HistoryUK/England-History/SirRobertPeel http://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/England-History/SirRobertPeel.htm The first thousand of Peel’s police, dressed in blue Tail-coats and top hats, began to patrol the streets of London on 29th September 1829. The uniform was carefully selected to make the ‘Peelers’ look more like ordinary citizens, rather that a red-coated soldier with a helmet. The 'Peelers' were issued with a wooden truncheon carried in a long pocket in the tail of their coat, a pair of handcuffs and a wooden rattle to raise the alarm. By the 1880s this rattle had been replaced by a whistle.

Peeler’s Principles “The police are the public and the public are the police.” The basic mission for which the police exist is to prevent crime and disorder. The ability of the police to perform their duties is dependent upon the public approval of police actions. Police must secure the willing co-operation of the public in voluntary observation of the law. Police seek and preserve public favor not by catering to public opinion, but by constantly demonstrating absolute impartial service to the law. Excerpts

Peeler’s Principles The degree of co-operation of the public that can be secured diminishes proportionately to the necessity of the use of physical force. Police use physical force to the extent necessary to secure observance of the law or to restore order only when persuasion, advice, & warning is found to be insufficient. In other words, for Peeler’s men, the use of force was a limited and secondary option in the police “arsenal”. Photo: Tom Smith 1856.

Boston – The American Prototype When first initiated by the City Council in 1824, the “department”, under the supervision of the city Marshall, was charged with "the care of the streets, the care of the common sewers, and the care of the vaults, and whatever else affects the health, security, and comfort of the city." In these early days, an officer on duty carried a six-foot pole, painted blue and white to protect himself, and a "police rattle" to call for assistance.

Boston Police Department A Brief Historical Chronology 1635: First night watch established. 1788: The word "police" appeared for the fist time, designating a specific office, "Inspector of Police". 1822: The Town of Boston became the City of Boston. Increases in the population & businesses created increased demand for police patrol. 1838: Law passed permitting day patrol. City had a Day Police and a Night Watch, which operated completely independently of one another. 1854: Boston Police Department established, structured after the model developed by Sir Robert Peeler. 1858: Telegraph system completed, linking central office and police stations. 1852: The metal badges were issued – a six point star made of brass.

1861: White cotton gloves worn by the officers for the first time 1861: White cotton gloves worn by the officers for the first time. Thereafter, "full uniform" included the wearing of such gloves. 1872: The Great Boston Fire of November 9 and 10 which destroyed 776 buildings. The fire was discovered by a patrolman who was chasing boys on Lincoln Street. 1873: First mounted patrol established. 1903; First motor patrol wagon placed in service – a Stanley Streamer touring car operated by a chauffeur; the police officer sat on higher seat so that he could look over area’s back fences.

The New York Police Department In 1844, the NYPD was formed by combining day and night forces into a single integrated PD, the first such arrangement in this country. NYPD adopted a uniform so citizens could easily recognize officers (Blue becomes the color of the force in 1853), and a paramilitary structure like the British. No training, meager salaries, limited public respect. Politics influences too much of their activities. Boston and Philadelphia give its officers guns for the first time in 1854 and NY follows suit in 1857. The NYPD model was next adopted by Chicago in 1851, Cincinnati in 1852, ….

WHERE DID THE TERM "COPS" COME FROM? When the first NY police force began patrolling in the summer of 1845, they only had badges on their civilian clothing. The badges were 8 pointed stars with the seal of the City at the center and were made of stamped copper. The newspapers of the time referred to the new force as the "Star Police" but people seeing the shiny copper shields began to call the new force "Coppers" which was later shortened to "Cops." According to the NYC Police Museum (http://www.nycpolicemuseum.org/html/faq.html) But according to the NYPD, the STAR badges were made of brass: http://www.nyc.gov/html/nypd/html/chfpers/shield-history.html This was the first badge of the New York City Police Department. It was made of brass and worn between 1845 and 1857. The star was worn over the left side of the policeman's coat and was his only badge of office, since he wore no uniform. Alternatives…

Alternative Theories… “Copper” as slang for policeman is first found in print in 1846, according to the Oxford English Dictionary. The most likely explanation is that it comes from the verb "to cop" meaning to seize, capture, or snatch, dating from just over a century earlier (1704). There is also a British police term, Constable On Patrol, which may account for the term "cops" in England. The French call their police “gendarmes”, which came from gens d'arme (people with weaponry) which ranked just below knight in medieval armies

Early Police Forces in America

Nashville PD 1870 Members of a relief or shift of the Nashville Police Department in the 1870s. They were wearing a military style uniform and carrying an essential piece of equipment, a night stick. Batons carried by the day patrol were shorter in length. They wore the shield-cut-out-star style breast badge that was worn into the twentieth century. No hat badge was worn. http://www.tennesseelawman.com/1-early

Nashville 1890 The winter uniform Nashville Patrolman Bert Shotwell circa 1890, wearing the issue winter uniform and helmet. The heavy frock coats worn in winter were warm, but could be dangerous. The top coats covered the officer's sidearm and even though the weapon could be drawn through the pocket of the garment, the officer might be shot before he got his gun out. http://www.tennesseelawman.com/1-early

Chattanooga PD 1910 Chattanooga Police Department transport in 1910. The engine driven patrol wagon was the first motorized vehicle used. The mounted patrol remained the primary mode of non-foot transportation. The three mounted officer from left to right were Clarence Livingston, J. J. Irvins, and W. C. “Billy” Smith, who became one of Chattanooga first motorcycle officers when the unit was formed in 1912. http://www.tennesseelawman.com/3-cars

1919 Call Box http://www.tennesseelawman.com/images/web-newcent-CDP-Gamewell%20Call%20Box-ca1910-A.jpg

1920 http://www.tennesseelawman.com/2-newcent

Memphis PD 1921 The Memphis Police Department's 1921 Packard purchased to be used as a chase car following the tragic events of the attempted robbery which left three dead. The Emergency Car was called “the riot car” by officers on the force, but was given the name “the black hawk” and other appellations by the lawless element in the city who feared the justice it brought.

1922 Chattanooga Officers George Webb, W. C. Wheat, Bob Black, Lawrence Swanson, Captain Gober, and Lee Way stood in front of the departments Patrol Wagon and Model T Ford automobiles in this 1922 photograph of Chattanooga's “Tin Lizzy Squad.”

1923 In 1923 a “C” cab truck replaced the horse drawn Black Maria used to transport prisoners by the Knoxville Police Department. It was the department's first motorized paddy wagon.

SWAT 1920s The Memphis Police Emergency Car was dispatched from central headquarters when reports of a burglary, hold-up, riot, or other disturbance call was received. The detail worked in pairs on eight-hour shifts. The car was equipped with a siren and “repeating shotguns.” Emergency car officers from left to right, including those in the car, were W. G. Jamison, E. H. Crume, F. L. Henderson, J. J. Vannucci, W. M. Crogan, and S. T. Emberton. Emergency men often caught burglars or highwaymen still on or near the scene of the crime. http://www.tennesseelawman.com/2-newcent

1925 Motorcycle Squad The Memphis Police Department Motorcycle Squad in 1925. At the point of the eleven member unit was Motorcycle Sergeant Hal V. Allen, commander of the squad. http://www.tennesseelawman.com/4-motor

Armored Chase Car 1935 The Nashville Police Department’s armored emergency chase car, a 1935 Buick Model 90 seven-passenger sedan with bulletproof glass able to stop .45 caliber rounds in all windows, steel plates on all sides, fender guards to protect the tires, armored window port to fire from and heavy armor over the grill to protect the radiator.

Radio Cars 1936 The Nashville Police Department in stalled radios for communication with officers in squad cars in 1936. Radio Patrol cars in the ten zones of the city were tracked on a map in the radio room that contained lights to indicate the car’s status. http://www.tennesseelawman.com/2-newcent

Nashville Patrolman George “Silent Sam” Griffin with Accident Car used by the department in the early forties to work traffic accidents.

1950 Davidson County Sheriff’s Patrol unit, a 1950 Pontiac Silver Streak, in front of the Parthenon.

20th Century Policing Technology changes police operations: The telegraph The telephone Walkie-talkies Cars Radio-cars (aka “Angels of Death”) Radar Computers Computers in cars Crime analysts New training techniques/Police academies New weaponry

Reform Wickersham Commission of 1931 President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice 1967 National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals 1973 Criminology as a college major.

The Job Today Numbers Federal Structure Salaries

Number of Fulltime Law Enforcement Personnel (2003) Type of Number of agency agencies Total Sworn Civilian 15,766 993,442 683,599 309,843 Local police 12,656 580,749 451,737 129,013 County Sheriffs 3,061 330,274 174,251 156,022 State police 49 82,419 57,611 24,808

American Police Agencies by Population Served (2003) Number Percent All sizes 12,656 100 1,000,000 or more 17 0.1 500,000 to 999,999 39 0.3 250,000 to 499,999 42 100,000 to 249,999 177 1.4 50,000 to 99,999 422 3.3 25,000 to 49,999 776 6.1 10,000 to 24,999 1,887 14.9 2,500 to 9,999 4,048 32.0 Less than 2,500 5,248 41.5

Average Salaries for Police Officers, by City Size (2005) Population group Starting Salary Maximum Salary Over 1,000,000 3 38,206 57,401 500,000 to 1,000,000 11 40,374 58,624 250,000 to 499,999 12 40,474 55,319 100,000 to 249,999 95 41,315 57,393 50,000 to 99,999 159 40,568 56,711 25,000 to 49,999 305 37,759 51,904 10,000 to 24,999 743 35,484 49,584

Average Salaries for Police Chiefs (2005) Region Average Chief Salary Northeast 217 $92,536 North Central 564 $65,395 South 662 $63,901 West 173 $103,328

The Chiefs of Big City America

The public image of police officers and police departments today

How much confidence do you have in the ability of the police to protect you from violent crime? A Quite Not None great a lot very at all deal much 2000 (Aug) 20% 42 31 6 1999 (Mar) 29% 41 25 4 1998 (0ct) 19% 36 37 8 1995 (Sep) 20% 30 39 9 1993 (0ct) 14% 31 45 9 1989 14% 34 42 8 1985 15% 37 39 6 1981 15% 34 42 8

Q: How much respect do you have for the police in your area? A Hardly great deal Some any 2000 (Aug) 60% 30 9 1999 (Mar) 64% 29 7 1991 (Mar) 60% 32 7 1967 77% 17 4 1965 70% 22 4

Q: How high would you rate the honesty & ethical standards of people in these different fields? Very High Ave. Low Very High Low Clergy 15% 39% 33% 7% 2% Doctors 10% 42% 38% 6% 3% Policemen 8% 34% 42% 10% 4% Journalists 4% 23% 54% 13% 2% Bankers 4% 23% 53% 14% 3% Lawyers 3% 15% 43% 25% 11% Congressmen I % 10% 43% 32% 11 % Car Salesmen I % 4% 32% 41 % 18%

How would you rate the ____ that serve your community in accomplishing their criminal justice mission? Excellent Only Fair Not Sure or Good or Poor Police 64% 34% 2% Prosecutors 48% 44% 9% Judges 45% 48% 7% Prisons 32% 54% 14% Parole Boards 22% 57% 21 %

Police operations

Impact of Timeliness in Reporting Crime Probability of an Arrest Crime Reported While In Progress 33% 1 Minute Afterwards 9% 10 Minutes Afterwards 5%

Reasons for Not Calling the Police Private Matter Police Would Fear of Didn’t Want Not Be Effective Reprisal CRIME To Bother Them (% Not Reported) Robbery 27% 45% 0% (35%) Burglary 30% 63% 2% (42%) Sex Offenses* 40% 50% 5% (49%) Family 65% 17% 7% Crimes (50%) Auto 20% 60% 20% Theft (11%) * Other than Rape