TWO CATAGORIES FOR DISTINGUISHING CELL TYPE Prokaryotic Eukaryotic

PROKAYOTE Smaller and simpler Have cell membrane and cytoplasm No nuclei Some DNA within cytoplasm All bacteria are prokaryotes They grow, reproduce, respond to change Some move

EUKARYOTE Vary in shape, some large Have cell membrane and cytoplasm Have nuclei and many other organelles Some single-celled beings Many multi-celled beings All plants, animals, fungi, and many microorganisms are eukaryotes

Cell Membrane Location Outer boundary of animal and protist cells. Outer edge of cytoplasm. Function Regulates what enters and exits the cell Supports cell structures and provides strong barrier between cell and surroundings. Construction Lipid bilayer, also containing proteins and carbohydrates

Cell Wall Location Outer most boundary in plant, bacteria and fungi cells Function Provides support and protection for the cell Helps maintain cell shape

Nucleus Location In all cells but bacteria cells Often most prominent structure in center of cell Function Controls cell processes Stores hereditary information of DNA Codes for protein synthesis (making of proteins most important role of cell)

Nuclear Envelope Location Surrounds nucleus Function Double membrane layer that contains pores which allow material to move into and out of the nucleus Steady stream of RNA and other info-carrying molecules to the rest of the cell

Nucleolus Location Dark spherical mass inside the nucleus Function Assembly of ribosomes begin here

Cytoplasm Location Material inside the cell membrane but not including the nucleus Contains many structures called organelles Some cells may contain cytoskeleton Function Establishes living condition to supply and transport materials for cell activities

Cytoskeleton Location Extending from nucleus to cell membrane in some cells Description Made up of protein filaments called microtubules and microfilaments Function Helps cell maintain shape and involved in many forms of cell movement

Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R.) Location Extend from nuclear envelope to cell membrane Description Rough E.R. – contain ribosomes Smooth E.R. – do not contain ribosomes Function Transport materials Rough E.R. modify proteins for secretion Smooth E.R. contains enzymes that make lipids

Ribosome Location In nucleus, cytoplasm, and Rough E.R. Function Produce proteins following coded instruction that come from the nucleus

Golgi Apparatus Location Near E.R. and nucleus Function Stack of membranes that accept proteins produced by the rough E.R. Contain enzymes that attach carbohydrates and lipids to proteins (“package proteins”) Proteins then sent to final destinations

Plant Vacuole Location Saclike structure in the cytoplasm Description Plant cells – Single, large central vacuole Function Store materials such as water, salts, proteins and carbohydrates Pressure in plant vacuole aid in support of plant cell (lack of water – wilting)

Vacuoles Location Saclike structures in the cytoplasm Description Animal & Protists – Small, multiple vacuoles Function Store materials such as water, salts, proteins and carbohydrates Remove excess water from cell (contractile vacuole)

Lysosome Location Throughout the cytoplasm of the cell Rare in plant cells Function Small organelles filled with enzymes that break down lipids, carbohydrates and proteins from food into particles that can be used by the rest of the cell. Also a “cell cleaner” to break down old organelles and dead pathogens. © 2003 Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc.

Mitochondria Location Throughout the cytoplasm More numerous in cells that have high energy requirements. Function Organelles that release energy in the form of ATP from stored food molecules (glucose) Cellular Respiration Note: Mitochondria contain some of their own genetic info or DNA that is essential to the function of the mitochondrion. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Chloroplasts Location Found in cytoplasm of plants, some protists and bacteria Function Use energy from sunlight to make energy-rich food molecules (glucose). Photosynthesis Note: Chloroplasts contain some of their own genetic info or DNA that is essential to the function of the chloroplast.

Centrioles Location Paired structures just outside the nuclear envelope in the cytoplasm Only in animal cells Function During cell division, centrioles separate and take up positions on opposite sides of the nucleus Help organize the spindle that separate the chromosomes

Cilia & Flagella Location Both extend from the surface of the cell Description Cilia – numerous, short, hair-like projections Flagella- one or two, longer whip-like structures Function Both used to propel individual cells through environment Flagella

Venn Diagrams Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Animal Cells Plant Cells Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Vacuoles Mitochondria Cytoskeleton Cell membrane Ribosomes Cell wall Animal Cells Plant Cells Cell membrane Ribosomes Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Vacuoles Mitochondria Cytoskeleton Cell Wall Chloroplasts Large vacuoles Lysosomes Centrioles Small vacuole Go to Section: