1. Vocabulary Words Please define the following vocabulary words.
Cytoskeleton
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Ribosome
Golgi apparatus
Vesicle
Mitochondria
Vacuole
Lysosome
Centriole
Cell wall
Chloroplast

3. Basic Cell Structure All cells have 3 things:
Cell membrane or plasma membrane
Controls what comes in and out of cell
DNA (the control center)
The genetic information of the cell
Cytoplasm/Cytosol
The jelly-like substance which fills the inside

4. Cells have an internal structure.
Cytoskeleton
Microtubules
Microfilaments

5. Cytoskeleton
Microtubule: hollow tube of protein that maintains cell shape & can serve as “tracks” along which organelles move.
Helps separate chromatin in division: forms centrioles.
Helps form cilia & flagella in some.
Microfilaments: long, thin fibers that function in movement & support of cell
Narrower than microtubules
Produce a tough, flexible framework that supports the cell.

6. Organelles & Cell Parts
The cytoplasm contains specialized structures called organelles. Organelles perform particular functions in order for the cell to maintain homeostasis and work efficiently.
Nucleus
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic reticulum (rough & smooth)
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Chloroplasts
Mitochondria
Vesicle
Centrioles
Cilia
Flagella

7. Making a Protein Several organelles are involved in making a protein.
This is the main function of a cell.

8. Organelles in the Cytoplasm
The nucleus contains the chromosomes, which are comprised of DNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Controls the cell’s genetic information.

9. Organelles in the Cytoplasm
The nuclear envelope is a double-membrane layer that surrounds the nucleus
Has thousands of nuclear pores
RNA and other material exit through here
The nucleolus is in the nucleus, a small dense region
The assembly of ribosomes begins here. Ribosomes aid in the production of proteins.

10. Organelles in the Cytoplasm
Ribosomes are the actual organelles in the cell on which proteins are assembled.
They are made of protein and RNA
They can be “free” or attached to endoplasmic reticulum

11. Organelles in the Cytoplasm
Endoplasmic reticulum: (ER), in eukaryotic cells; the organelle in which components of the cell membrane are assembled and some proteins are modified.
Rough ER: ribosomes attached, the part that is involved in making proteins
Smooth ER: no ribosomes attached, contains enzymes that perform specialized tasks like the synthesis of lipids.

12. Organelles in the Cytoplasm
Golgi Apparatus: stack of membranes in the cell in which enzymes attach carbs and lipids to proteins
When proteins are produced by ER they are moved to the Golgi Apparatus where the proteins are sorted and packaged.

13. Organelles in the Cytoplasm
Vesicles are small, membrane-bound proteins which transport materials, including proteins, around the cell. They move along tracks called microtubules. They may fuse with the cell membrane.

14. Organelles in the Cytoplasm
Lysosomes are small organelles filled with enzymes
Breaks down lipids, carbs, and proteins from food into useful particles.
Can remove debris from cells.

15. Organelles in the Cytoplasm
Mitochondria release energy from stored food molecules
Use energy from food to make high-energy compounds that the cell can use to power growth, development, and movement.
Contains its own DNA and can reproduce on its own.

16. Organelles in the Cytoplasm
Centrioles are cylinder-shaped organelles made of short microtubules arranged in a circle.
Aid the cell in mitosis or meiosis.
Not found in plant cells.

17. Plant Cells are Unique Chloroplasts are found in plants
use the energy from sunlight to make energy-rich food molecules via photosynthesis
Contain chlorophyll
Contains its DNA and can reproduce on its own.