Chapter 4: The Roman Republic I. Beginning of Roman Civilization

Geographic Features Italian Peninsula Apennine Mountains Mare Nostrum Farming Apennine Mountains Mare Nostrum

Early Inhabitants Latins Phoenicians Greeks Etruscans

Founding of Rome On the Tiber River “League of the Seven Hills” Palatine Hill “League of the Seven Hills” Beginning of the city of Rome Romulus and Remus

Early Society and Government Family Basic unit of early Roman society Small, self-sufficient community Father was sole authority

Early Society and Government Clan Tribe Two social classes Patricians: aristocracy Plebeians: common people

Early Society and Government Monarchy King was chief priest, commander of army, and administrator of justice Imperium Fasces Senate

Chapter 4: The Roman Republic II. The Early Roman Republic

Establishment Republic established in 509 BC Consuls Senate Most important and powerful Assembly of Centuries Senate had veto power

Struggle Within the Republic Patricians dominated Plebeians had few privileges and little voice in government Concessions gained: Plebiscites Tribune Veto

Struggle Within the Republic Laws Tablets hung in the Roman Forum Law of Twelve Tables Tribal Assembly New class distinction Rich vs. poor

Chapter 4: The Roman Republic III. The Mediterranean—A Roman Sea

Rome—The Master of Italy Defeated the Latin cities Southern Italy Pyrrhus Controlled all of Italian peninsula by 265 BC Latins, Etruscans, Greeks Treated with mercy, fairness

Rome—The Master of the Western Mediterranean Conflict with Carthage Three wars Between 264 and 146 BC Territory Trade Punic wars

Rome—The Master of the Western Mediterranean The First Punic War (264-241 BC) Island of Sicily Roman navy Rome eventually prevailed Terms of settlement

Rome—The Master of the Western Mediterranean The Second Punic War (218-201 BC) Hannibal Very successful in Italy Battle of Cannae Romans nearly wiped out

Rome—The Master of the Western Mediterranean The Second Punic War (218-201 BC) Scipio Attacked in North Africa Hannibal ordered back home Battle of Zama Results

Rome—The Master of the Western Mediterranean The Third Punic War (149-146 BC) Cato Three-year siege Destruction of Carthage

Rome—The Master of the Eastern Mediterranean Defeated Macedonia and Syria Alliance with Egypt Rome allowed some self-government and local freedom Payment of tribute

Chapter 4: The Roman Republic IV. Decline into a Dictatorship

Problems Small farmers Senate increased its power Corruption Unwilling to address social and economic problems Corruption Publicans

Failure of Reform Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus Strove for reforms Changes in land policy Tiberius sought reelection as tribune and was killed Gaius lost his life

The First Civil War Marius becomes champion of the common people Military hero Created a professional army Served for financial gain Loyal to its commander

The First Civil War Senate appointed Sulla as general Sulla victorious Tribal assembly appointed Marius Sulla victorious Became dictator Reorganized government

The Second Civil War Crassus Pompey Julius Caesar Triumvirate Had wealth Pompey Had support of Senate Julius Caesar Had support of people Triumvirate

The Second Civil War Caesar became governor of Gaul Crassus had died Commentaries on the Gallic War Crassus had died Pompey got support of the Senate

The Second Civil War Caesar crossed the Rubicon Defeated Pompey’s army Caesar becomes dictator for life Reforms Death—“Ides” of March

The Third Civil War Mark Antony Octavian Agreed to each rule half the territory Ambition led to war 31 BC: Battle of Actium Octavian victorious

The Third Civil War Beginning of period of Roman Empire Imperators ruled with supreme power