1. Chapter 4 “All Roads Lead to Rome.”

3. Read Daniel 2: 31-45

5. Italian Peninsula Apennine Mountains – not so rugged Mediterranean Sea

6. LatinsPhoenicians GreeksEtruscans Early Inhabitants

7. City of Rome – Tiber River “League of the Seven Hills” – Latins Legend of Romulus and Remus

8. 500—480 BC. In the Capitoline Museums, Rome, Italy 753 B.C.TwinsHeirs, usurpedRaised by a she-wolfShepherd

9. Later established the cityFight over boundariesRomulus kills Remus.

10. Basic unit of early roman society was the family. Tribe Clan Family - Father

11. Two Social Classes Patricians – aristocratic class, highest positions, wealthy landowners, noble families Plebians – common people, traders, farmers, craftsmen:

12. Early government – Monarchy, imperium Fasces – bundle of rods with an axe, symbol of power Kings were probably elected by the people. Senate – a popular assembly representing the people (advised the king)

13. What is this?

15. Etruscans invade the Latins 650 BC Rome grows; influence increases Roman nobles overthrew Etruscan monarch Roman Republic established in 509 B.C.

16. Senate Assemblies Consuls

17. Supervised everyday government Commanded army Supreme judges One year terms Reserved for patricians in early republic

18. Most important and most powerful body An aristocratic body that guarded the powers and privileges of the patrician class 300 members, appointed for life by consuls

19. Wealth, birth, and place of residence determined membership and voting procedures in the assemblies Assembly of Centuries – chief assembly of the early republic Voted on legislation Declared war Elected high-ranking government officials Note: Senate had veto power over decisions of the assemblies.

20. Who were the Patricians? The wealthy and influential Who were the Plebians? The common people

21. Patricians Held consulships Dominated Senate & assemblies Made most laws Controlled courts Plebians Few social privileges Virtually no voice in government Excluded from holding public office Marriage with patricians was prohibited. Could be sold into slavery for debts

22. 200 years of struggle for equality External wars led to plebian power (needed in the army) Council of Plebians – plebiscites Office of Tribune – veto power Plebians forced patricians to put laws in writing. Law of Twelve Tables posted in the Roman Forum. Gained rights Tribal Assembly 287 B.C. pass binding laws

24. Law of Twelve Tables

25. Rome: Master of Italy

26. Romans attacked Greek colonies on the Italian peninsula. Pyrrhus led the Greeks with elephants to defeat the Romans twice. Second time – great losses. Pyrrhic victory – victory whose costs outweigh the advantage of winning Then Rome conquered all of southern Italy. Pyrrhus

27. Rome then controlled all the Italian peninsula. She treated conquered people with mercy and fairness, unlike most conquerors who use force and oppression. As long as the people didn’t rebel and cause trouble, they were allowed to live in peace. Sometimes Rome granted citizenship to conquered people. (vote, hold office) Allowed local independence Demanded troops from conquered people to fight more wars of conquest.

28. Master of the Western Mediterranean

29. 264-146 B.C. Punic Wars. Carthage had been a colony of the Phoenicians and was inhabited by Phoenician descendants. The Latin word for Phoenicians was Punici. Punici = > Punic Wars

30. Carthage Seamanship Hire soldiers Romans Strong land army Roman soldiers fighting for home and family Ultimately achieve victory even if at first defeated Greek historian Polybius with some pro-Roman bias

34. Master of the Eastern Mediterranean Chapter 4

35. After the 2 nd Punic War, Rome began to expand its empire to the east conquering Macedonia Syria Egypt And thus dominated the entire Mediterranean world.

36. Rome organized her conquered holdings into provinces administered by governors appointed by the Roman Senate. The provinces were left alone somewhat if they did not rebel. They had to send taxes as tribute to Rome.

37. Decline into Dictatorship

38. The citizen farmers bore the military burden of Rome and had to serve as soldiers. When they returned home, their farms needed much effort to be ready to farm again. Many lost their land because they could not pay the taxes on it. They became landless & unemployed and sought work in the cities.

39. They were unable to find jobs because some of the people they conquered were brought in to serve as slaves. The former farmer-soldiers became dissatisfied and restless. The war devastated the warriors economically. However, the aristocratic senators and patricians profited from the farmers’ loss.

40. Some governors in the provinces used their authority for personal gain. They hired publicans to collect taxes. The rulers would get part and the publicans would get to keep whatever else they were able to coerce out of people. The people despised the publicans.

41. See inset on Publicans page 89.

42. Two men emerged seeking reform. They were grandsons of Scipio, the brothers Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus. Tiberius said of the farmer/soldiers, “They fight and die to support others in wealth and luxury, and though they are styled masters of the world, they have not a single clod of earth that is their own.”

43. The Gracchi worked to have public lands given to the poor to cultivate for food. They also tried to have the government sell grain to the poor at reduced prices. They were both killed by senators: one directly, the other in a staged “riot.”

44. The Senate abandoned peaceful attempts to solve the discord within Rome and resorted to violence to maintain their power.

45. Roman Senate vs. The Tribal Assembly Sulla vs. Marius (appx. 88 B.C.) Sulla and the Senate won this round. Sulla had himself declared dictator.

46. Crassus – commander in Sulla’s army & very rich. Pompey – another of Sulla’s commanders who gained the support of the powerful Senate. Julius Caesar – general, politician, very popular with the common people. Formed a triumvirate (rule of three).

47. Julius Caesar Governor of Gaul (modern France) Led a powerful & loyal army Military campaigns through Gaul & Britain Sent written reports of his accomplishments to Rome (Commentaries on the Gallic Wars).

48. Crassus was killed in battle in Asia. Pompey sought to take control with the support of the Senate which ordered Caesar to return to Rome and disband his army. Caesar returned to Rome, crossed the Rubicon River, and by marching his army to Rome declared war on Pompey and the Roman Senate.

49. The phrase “crossing the Rubicon” means making a fateful decision from which there is no turning back.

50. Pompey and many senators fled to Greece and then to Egypt where he was killed. Julius Caesar declared himself dictator for life.

51. Curbed corruption in the provincial governments. Established colonies for the landless army vets. Granted citizenship to many non-Italians living in Rome’s new colonies. Initiated public works projects. Established the Julian calendar.

52. Evidence suggests that Caesar planned to make himself king. Romans prided themselves on their republic and would not tolerate a king. Caesar was assassinated on the Ides of March (March 15) 44 B.C. Et tu Brute?

53. Mark Antony and Octavian joined forces to avenge Caesar’s death. First, they divided the empire: Octavian ruled the west; Mark Antony the east. They soon turned on each other and fought a decisive naval battle at the Battle of Actium in 31 B.C. with Octavian the victor.

54. 31 B.C. to the Fall of Rome (AD 476) is known as the period of the Roman Empire. Empire really began long before with expansion and conquest under the Republic. Now the Republic is gone, and Rome is ruled by an imperator, the title of the commander of a victorious army.