Gender Sex and gender Sex-role stereotypes Androgyny and measuring androgyny including the Bem Sex Role Inventory.

Specification Sex and gender Sex-role stereotypes Androgyny and measuring androgyny including the Bem Sex Role Inventory. The role of chromosomes and hormones (testosterone, oestrogen and oxytocin) in sex and gender Atypical sex chromosome patterns: Klinefelter’s syndrome and Turner’s syndrome Cognitive explanations of gender development, Kohlberg’s theory, gender identity, gender stability and gender constancy; gender schema theory. Psychodynamic explanation of gender development, Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, Oedipus complex; Electra complex; identification and internalisation. Social learning theory as applied to gender development. The influence of culture and media on gender roles. Atypical gender development: gender identity disorder; biological and social explanations for gender identity disorder.

What does this mean. Is it true What does this mean? Is it true? Are men and women really this predictable?

Is there a relationship between sex and gender? Sex: Biological XX or XY Objective Gender: Masculine or Feminine- Subjective Is there a relationship between sex and gender?

Gender concepts and terms Complete the sheet

Sex Role Stereotypes Sex-Role- Behaviour related to social norms and societal expectations of how you should behave Stereotype- learned through childhood based on parents behaviour and expectations. Come up with as many examples or phrases that could be used to stereotype children. Read the examples in children’s stories

Are these traits masculine or feminine? Leaders Loving Active Obsessive Emotional Courageous Devoted Faithful Sincere Self-reliant Sympathetic Trusting Clingy Brave Curvaceous Dainty Muscular Beautiful Straightened hair Big eyes Big eyebrows Broad shoulders Small feet Narrow waist Wearing make-up

Sandra Bem (1974) Psychological Androgyny We can be both masculine and feminine They aren’t mutually exclusive Rigid sex roles are unhealthy and stifling and can lead to disorders Androgyny is healthy as you are free to adopt behaviours which suit you Androgyny- both high or both low masculine and feminine traits.

Explain what is meant by ‘androgyny’. (Total 1 mark)  [AO1 = 1] 1 mark for a correct definition: possessing a balanced combination / mixture of masculine and feminine traits. Or possessing high levels of both masculine and feminine traits.

Bem’s Sex Role Inventory Psychological Test to measure androgyny 50 male and 50 female students rated 200 personality trait words for their desirability for men and women, to generate stereotypes. Chose 20 which were consistently male, female, and neutral. Self-rated on 7 point Likert Scale from never to always. Unique test as you can identify both masculine and feminine traits- traditionally one would have to choose. Try it yourself!

Sandra Bem’s research… (1974) 1- never or almost never true 7- almost always true Sex-Typed individuals Masculinity score is at or above 4.9 Femininity score is at or below 4.8 Masculinity score is at or below 4.8 Femininity score is at or above 4.9 Masculine Feminine Androgynous Undifferentiated

Score yourself Androgynous: Undifferentiated: Masculine: Feminine: Masculinity score is at or above 4.9 AND Femininity score is at or above 4.9 Undifferentiated: Masculinity score is at or below 4.8 AND Femininity score is at or below 4.8 Masculine: Feminine:

What sex is your brain? http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/sex/add_user.shtml https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vp3Kvl7BF0w Draw a bicycle. Now watch this clip of Child of our time: Brain sex on YouTube and see Dr Winston explain how males and females draw a bicycle differently.

Evaluation/Commentary Methodology: Ethics? Debrief, Informed consent

Evaluation Real world application Reliability of the BSRI Encouraging psychological healthiness UK couple raised son ‘gender-neutral’. Considered to be child abuse! Reliability of the BSRI .76 to .81 (Bem ‘81) New version with 30 terms .90 correlation with original Less socially desirable such as ‘gullible’ and childlike’. Validity of the BSRI Self-report Demand characteristics Social desirability effects Only-used students Understanding of words used Individual differences in self-knowledge Scale devised in USA.

What do you think the approaches will say…? Biological? Evolutionary? Behavioural? Cognitive? Fill in approaches sheet

What issues or debates do you see arising from these…? Nature or nurture? Free will or determinism? Reductionism?

Biological According to this theory, why would there be gender differences? What about from an evolutionary perspective? How would this work? Issues and debates?

Behavioural According to this theory, why would there be gender differences? Can you think of a time where you were encouraged to be ‘masculine’? Who are your role models? Issues and debates with this approach??

Role Models…?

What should a man’s and a woman’s role be? Does this fit in with the roles you have seen in your family?

Cognitive According to this theory, why would there be gender differences? Issues and debates?

Exam Q for me to mark during solo task

Exam question

Gender Sex and gender Sex-role stereotypes Androgyny and measuring androgyny including the Bem Sex Role Inventory.