UNIT-111 BA-2 SEMESTER BY: Dr DIVYA MONGA DEVELOPMENT UNIT-111 BA-2 SEMESTER BY: Dr DIVYA MONGA DEVELOPMENT BY DR. DIVYA MONGA

Developmental psychology  It is the scientific study of how and why human beings change over the course of their life. Originally concerned with infants and children, the field has expanded to include adolescence, adult development, aging, and the entire lifespan Development by DR. DIVYA MONGA

Definition of Development Oxford Concise Dictionary (2009) defines development as a specified state of growth or advancement. Michelle(2000) defines development as the pattern of biological, cognitive, and socio- emotional changes that begins at conception and continues through the life span. Development by DR. DIVYA MONGA

Developmental is defined as change Human development refers to a particular type of change or the pattern of change that begins at conception and continue through the life span. Development occurs in the context of the significant social environment of life process (family, school, peer group, community). Development by DR. DIVYA MONGA

Child Development vs. Developmental Psychology Child Development – a field devoted to understanding all aspects of human growth and change from conception through adolescence. Developmental Psychology – the more general field of study, that includes child development, and is devoted to understanding all aspects of human growth and change across the entire lifespan. Development by DR. DIVYA MONGA

Domains of Development Development is described in three domains, but growth in one domain influences the other domains. Physical Domain: body size, body proportions, appearance, brain development, motor development, perception capacities, physical health. Cognitive Domain: thought processes and intellectual abilities including attention, memory, problem solving, imagination, creativity, academic and everyday knowledge, metacognition, and language. Social/Emotional Domain: self-knowledge (self-esteem, metacognition, sexual identity, ethnic identity), moral reasoning, understanding and expression of emotions, self-regulation, temperament, understanding others, interpersonal skills, and friendships. Development by DR. DIVYA MONGA

Fundamental Issues: Is Development Continuous? Development means change; change can be abrupt or gradual Two views of human development stage theories: there are distinct phases to intellectual and personality development continuity: development is continuous Development by DR. DIVYA MONGA 7

Heredity and Environment According to Thompson, “ Heredity is mainly a convenient term for the genetic relation between successive generations.” According to Ross, “ Environment is an external force which influences us.” Development by DR. DIVYA MONGA

Interaction of Heredity and Environment All traits depend both on genetic and environmental factors. Heredity and environment interact to produce their effects. This means that the way genes act depends on the environment in which they act. In the same way, the effects of environment depend on the genes with which they work. For example, people vary in height. Although height is highly heritable, environmental variables can have a large impact. For example, Japanese-Americans are on the average taller and heavier than their second cousins who grew up in Japan, reflecting the effect of environmental variables, especially dietary differences. Development by DR. DIVYA MONGA

Heredity and environment are not separable: As a matter of fact, it is futile to ask which of the two factors, heredity or environment, is more important. According to MacIver, “Every phenomenon of life is the product of both, each is as necessary to the result as the other, neither can ever be eliminated and neither can be isolated.” No society is a product of environment alone for men inherit physical heritage. Development by DR. DIVYA MONGA

THEORIES OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT Erickson’s psychosocial theory Piaget’s theory of cognitive development Development by DR. DIVYA MONGA

ERIKSON’S PSCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY Crises Resolution and Development Erikson’s theory is based on the idea that development through life is a series of stages which are each defined by a crisis or challenge Epigenetic Principle Development by DR. DIVYA MONGA

Eight Stages Basic Trust vs. Mistrust Autonomy versus shame/dependence Initiative vs. self-guilt Industry vs. inferiority Identity vs. confusion/identity crisis Intimacy vs. isolation Generativity vs. stagnation Integrity vs. despair Development by DR. DIVYA MONGA

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PIAGET COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT A child’s capacity to understand certain concepts is based on the child’s developmental stage Cognitive Functional Invariants—adaptation and organization Adaptation involves accommodation and assimilation Organization involves complex usage Development by DR. DIVYA MONGA

Two processes are essential for development: Assimilation Learning to understand events or objects, based on existing structure. Accommodation Expanding understanding, based on new information. Development by DR. DIVYA MONGA

Four stages Sensorimotor—infantile physicality Preoperational—initial symbols and language Concrete operational—reasoning about physical objects Formal operational—abstract thinking Development by DR. DIVYA MONGA

THANK YOU Development by DR. DIVYA MONGA