1. GOALS To understand and differentiate between the following bio-psycho-social theories/perspectives: ~ Medical model ~Cognitive development theory ~Psychodynamic theory ~Behavioral/learning theory ~Humanistic perspective

2. What is the medical model?
~Clients/problems should be viewed in the context of the environment in which they occur
~Considers people’s “systems”
~Important perspective in social work

3. What is cognitive development theory?
…think Piaget!
Assumptions:
1.) Children are born basically good.
2.) Nature and nurture are important.
3.) Children play an active role in their development.
4.) Development is discontinuous or in stages.
5.) These stages are universal.

5. SENSORIMOTOR STAGE (birth – age 2)
What are the stages in Piaget’s theory?
SENSORIMOTOR STAGE (birth – age 2)
Substage Age Activity
Reflex Activity to 1 month baby learns about world through primitive reflexes
Primary Circular months baby learns reflex actions bring pleasurable
Reactions results and repeats those actions
Secondary Circular 4-8 months baby learns to control things other than
Reactions body and repeats random actions for results
Coordination of months baby takes several random activities and
Secondary Schemes puts them together to achieve goal
Tertiary Circular months can think up activities and experiment to
Reactions see how things work
Beginning of 18 to 24 months transitions from being action oriented to
Representational being symbol oriented; has object
Thought permanence; can solve problems

6. PREOPERATIONAL STAGE (2-7 years)
Substage Age Limits in Reasoning
Symbolic Function 2-4 Animism
Precausal or transductive reasoning Egocentrism
Appearance/reality distinction
Intuitive Thought Class inclusion
Problems of conservation

7. CONCRETE OPERATIONAL STAGE (7-11 years)
Mental Operations Children Can Now Perform
Reversibility can mentally undo a sequence of actions
Conservation two objects remain the same even if a property of one is changed in a superficial way
Classification can now classify objects into hierarchical groups
Seriation ability to organize objects in an orderly series

8. FORMAL OPERATIONAL STAGE (12-16 years)
Hallmarks
Hypothetical-deductive reasoning
Inductive reasoning

9. CENTRAL IDEAS IN PIAGET’S THEORY
~Schema
~Adaptation
~Assimilation
~Accommodation

10. What is psychodynamic theory? …think Freud!
Assumptions:
1.) Human nature is inherently selfish and aggressive.
2.) Nature is more important. Biological forces push child
through stages.
3.) Children are passively driven by these biological forces.
4.) Development is discontinuous or stagelike (in psychosexual
stages).
5.) The psychosexual stages are universal.

11. CENTRAL IDEAS IN FREUD’S THEORY
Unconscious
Preconscious
Conscious Id
Ego
Superego 

12. What are the stages in psychosexual development?
ORAL (birth to 18 mos)
ANAL (1 ½ - 3 years)
PHALLIC (3 – 5 years)
LATENCY (5 years to puberty)
GENITAL (puberty on)

13. What is psychodynamic theory? …think Erikson!
Assumptions:
1.) We’re born basically good.
2.) Nature or biological forces determine that people will go through psychosocial stages and experience each life crisis, then nurture or social forces determine how each crisis is resolved.
3.) Children actively participate in developmental outcomes.
4.) Development is discontinuous or in stages.
5.) The psychosocial stages are universal.

14. CENTRAL IDEAS IN ERIKSON’S THEORY
Sex and biology aren’t all that important after all!
The Epigenetic Principle
Biological and social demands push us to the next stage of development, ready or not!
Lifespan approach

15. Ego Integrity vs. Despair
What are the stages in
Erikson’s theory?
Older age
Maturity
Young adulthood
Ego Integrity vs. Despair
Adolescence
Generativity vs. Stagnation
School age (6-12 years)
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Early Childhood (18 mos -3 years)
Play age (3-6 years)
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Industry vs. Inferiority
Infancy (0-18 mos)
Initiative vs. Guilt
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Trust vs. Mistrust

16. What is behavioral theory?
…think Pavlov, Watson, Skinner, and Bandura!
Assumptions:
1.) We’re born neither good nor bad.
2.) Nurture is more important.
3.) Passively shaped by experiences and
environment.
4.) Development is continuous and gradual
(no stages…yeah!).
5.) Development is particularistic, shaped by
life experiences.

17. What are the beginnings of learning theory?
1.) Classical Conditioning
~Watson’s famous experiment
~Pavlov and his dogs
2.) Operant/Instrumental Conditioning
~Skinner & Reinforcement

18. What is Bandura’s social learning theory (another form of learning theory)?
Assumptions:
1,) Born neither good nor bad.
2.) Nurture is more important.
3.) People are active in their development and can influence their environment.
4.) Development is continuous (no stages – yeah!).
5.) Development is particularistic – depends on experiences.

19. What are the humanistic theories/approaches?
~Existentialism and the Humanistic perspective
1.) Rogers’s person-centered or client-centered therapy (not your instructor)
2.) Gestalt (Fritz Perls)
3.) Transactional analysis