Catalysts of Migration Economic conditions- poverty and a desire for opportunity. Political conditions- persecution, expulsion, or war. Environmental conditions-crop failures, floods, drought, environmentally induced famine. Culture and tradition- threatened by change. Technology-easier and cheaper transport or change in livability. Poverty has driven millions from their homelands-North America has received many legal and illegal immigrants from Mediterranean, Caribbean, across the Rio Grande Political-oppressive regimes-Mariel Boatlift from Cuba 125,000, Boat People from Vietnam in 1970s and 80s. Armed Conflict-War-Rwanda-militant Hutus versus minority Tutsi and moderate Hutus-600,000 died in out migration-2 million fled to Zaire Environmental-potato famine 1840s Ireland, also floods, drought, earthquakes, volcanoes, etc. Threat to Culture and Tradition-India-Pakistan, Millions fled, Soviet Jews fled to Israel. Technological advances-easier and cheaper to sail or fly, also air-conditioning made south and southwest US more desirable. Photo is of Italian Immigrants at Ellis Island, New York in 1905.

Kinship links-allows migrants to communicate with family members Chain migration-migration of people to a specific location because of relatives or members of the same nationality already there. Step migration-short moves in stages-e.g. Brazilian family moves from village to town and then finally Sao Paulo or Rio de Janeiro Intervening opportunity-alternative destinations that can be reached more quickly and easily and offer benefits to the migrant Intervening obstacle-keeps migrant from reaching their original destination

Where have people migrated? Europe to North America Southern Europe to South and Central America Britain/Ireland to Africa and Australia Africa to Americas (Slaves) India to East Africa, SE Asia and Caribbean

Economic Opportunities Islands of Development – Places within a region or country where foreign investment, jobs, and infrastructure are concentrated, usually centered along the coast.

Economic Opportunities In late 1800s and early 1900s, Chinese migrated throughout Southeast Asia to work in trade, commerce, and finance.

Reconnecting Cultural Groups About 700,000 Jews migrated to then-Palestine between 1900 and 1948. After 1948, when the land was divided into two states (Israel and Palestine), 600,000 Palestinian Arabs fled or were pushed out of newly-designated Israeli territories.

Internal Migration Migration that occurs within a country’s borders. Examples/Reasons for internal vs. international: same language, familiar cultural aspects, shorter distances traveled Internal Migration

Types of Migration Internal: within the same country 2 Types Less traumatic, more common 2 Types Interregional: one region to another Intraregional: within same region Fill in the blank: “Most common interregional migration is _______ to _______ areas in search of jobs.”

Rural to Urban U.S. population has been moving Westward and Southward Gold Rush (1849) and Donner Party just the most dramatic examples of hardship. Wells, Pumps, Aqueducts, Mosquito Control and Air Conditioning have allowed this move which otherwise would be impossible. Loss of Industrial Jobs in east compliments increase in Sunbelt service sector. Increases with development; ¾ of core countries population in urban areas

Urban to Suburban U.S. population has been moving out of the city centers to the suburbs: STILL URBAN REGION Developed Countries: Suburbanization automobiles and roads ‘American Dream’ better services Lifestyle changes (babies) Don’t need to be right in the middle of a major city anymore! U.S. intraregional migration during 1990s.

Metropolitan to Nonmetropolitan U.S. population has been moving out of the city centers to idyllic settings Counterurbanization idyllic settings cost of land for retirement slow pace, yet high tech connections to services and markets Increased technology allows people to work outside of the city U.S. intraregional migration during 1990s.

Interregional Migrations Current USA examples Movement North to South and East to West Net migration (immigrants-emigrants) South (+1,419,000) Northeast (-915,000) Midwest (-533,000) West (+29,000) Refugees/evacuees from the Gulf coast region Rural to urban areas to find work

Interregional Migrations in LDCs Populations in the less developed world are rushing to cities in search of work and income. Urbanization migration from rural areas lack of jobs in countryside lack of services in cities Mexico City, Mexico Lagos, Nigeria Mumbai, India

Interregional Migrations Current World examples To Brazil’s interior—Brasilia To North in Italy From North to South in the UK for jobs Interregional Migrations

External Migration Movement across country borders International migration Emigrant—one who migrates OUT of a country (exits) Subtracts from total population Immigrant—one who migrates INTO a country Adds to total population External Migration

Global Migration Patterns From less-developed Stage 2 countries into more developed Stage 4 or 5 countries 3 largest migration flows Asia to Europe Asia to north America Latin America to North America Net In Migration (North America, Europe, Oceania) Net Out Migration (Asia, Latin America, Africa) Global Migration Patterns

US Immigration Patterns 3 main waves Colonial America (1607-1840) European settlement—2 million; mostly British African slaves— 800,000 US Immigration Patterns

US Immigration Patterns 2. 19th century (1840-1910) 1840s and 1850s—Northern and Western Europe (Ireland, Germany) 1880s—Northern and Western Europe (Ireland, Germany, Norway, Sweden) 1900-1910—Southern and Eastern Europe (Italy, Russia, Austria-Hungry) Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech Republic, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Ukraine US Immigration Patterns

US Immigration Patterns 3. Second half of 20th century (1950- 2008) Less developed regions Latin America— Mexico, Dominican Republic, El Salvador Asia—China, Philippines, India, Vietnam US Immigration Patterns

Ellis Island National Monument U.S. Immigration Prior to 1840, 90% of U.S. immigration was from Britain Two Big Waves: 1840 - 1930: W. and N. European transitioning to Southern and Eastern European by 1910 Irish (potato famine in 1840s) and Germans During 1900s: Italians, Russians, Austria-Hungary (Czech, Poland, Romania, etc.) 1950 - Today: Asians and Latin Americans; declining Europeans Asians: China, India; 1980s -1990s: Philippines, Vietnam, and South Korea Latin America: Mexico, Dom. Rep., El Salvador, Cuba, Haiti Ellis Island National Monument

US Immigration Figures (2016) % of U.S. Immigrants 55%--Latin America/Caribbean 26%--Asia/pacific 12%--Europe 3%--Sub-Saharan Africa 2%--North America (Canada) 2%--Middle East US Immigration Figures (2016)

U.S. Immigration Policies 1882, Bars Asian immigration for ten years (extended) 1921, Quota Act - country by country quotas 1924 National Origins Act - country by country quotas 1965, Immigration Act - quotas for countries replaced, in 1968, with hemisphere quotas of 170, 000 for East and 120,000 for West 1978, Immigration Act - global quota of 290, 000 1980, Refugee Act - quotas do not apply to those seeking political asylum 1986, Immigration Reform and Control Act admitted large numbers of former illegals. 1990, Immigration Act raised global quotas to roughly 675,000 1995, visas issued Preferentially by skills: 480,000 - to relatives of people here 140,000 - to those with special skills and education 55,000 - to diversity candidates (i.e., mostly not from Latin Amer. or Asia) Current Total: 675,000 Currently—Global quota of 620,000 w/ no more than 7% from each country Exceptions—family reunification, employment, talented, refugees

U.S. Immigration Patterns

US Immigration Policy Immigration and Naturalization Act Limit of 675,000 immigrants (lawful permanent residents, LPRs) Family Based immigration—immediat4e relatives (spouses, unmarried minor children of citizens, parents of citizens) Employment Based Immigration— Temporary visas—foreign nationals used for jobs for limited periods (intracompany transfers, athletes, entertainers, religious workers Permanent immigration—140,000/year (extraordinary abilities, advanced degrees, religious workers, investors) Per-country Ceilings (<7% may come from one country) Refugee/Asylees—well founded persecution based on race, religion, political beliefs with a degree of risk involved 2016 worldwide Refugee Ceiling—85,000 (25,000 Africans, 34,000 Asians) Diversity Visa Program—55,000 allocated to random countries w/fewer than 50,000 persons to US in previous 5 years US Immigration Policy

Immigrant must have LPR status (green card) for the last 5 years w/ 3 months in current state; must be 18 years old with continuous residency in the U.S. and have good moral character Immigrant must pass English, US History, and Civics exams (w/ certain exceptions) and pay an application fee among other requirements US Citizenship

BRAIN DRAIN Large scale emigration by talented people People leave LDC’s and move to MDC’s for better suited opportunities to their skills They often don’t return to their home country 1970’s Asian immigration to U.S. (China & India) BRAIN DRAIN

International Migration Issues Guest Workers Newly developed areas taking advantage of cheap labor EX—85% of Dubai (UAE) is guest workers Time Contract Workers South and East Asian workers to SE Asia. American workers to lesser developed areas. (US—20-140,000/year) International Migration Issues

Remittance: transfer of money by a foreign worker to an individual in his or her home country spatial interaction = “remittance corridor”

“TRUE” Population Growth To accurately calculate a country’s population growth, we must include immigrants to see the impact they have on given states Balancing Equation (Births + Immigration)—(Deaths + Emigration) This is more representative of what goes on in a country in regards to demographics. The above equation is much more accurate in depicting population issues than the Rate of Natural Increase…why? “TRUE” Population Growth

http://www. pewresearch http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/11/29/5-facts-about-the-muslim-population-in-europe/ European Migrations