1. Is the American economy too dependent on undocumented workers or is there a way to deport them and fill the labor shortage reasonably? What is the solution?

2. Migration
Salinas, CA
Haitian Refugees

3. KEY ISSUES Why do people migrate? Where are migrants distributed?
Why do migrants face obstacles?
Why do people migrate within a country?
KEY ISSUES

4. Emigration: migration FROM a location
Immigration: migration TO a location
Net migration: difference between the # IMMIGRANTS and the # of EMIGRANTS
Net in-migration:
immigrants > emigrants
Net out-migration: immigrants < emigrants

5. Major International Migration Patterns, Early 1990s
Why do people migrate?
Emigration and immigration
Change in residence.
Relative to origin and destination.
Major International Migration Patterns, Early 1990s
Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

6. PUSH/PULL FACTORS Can be ENVIRONMENTAL, CULTURAL, ECONOMIC
PUSH: induces people to leave their present location
PULL: induces people to come to a new location
Can be ENVIRONMENTAL, CULTURAL, ECONOMIC
What are some push/pull factors?
Any personal examples in your family?

8. World Migration Routes Since 1700
Source: adapted from Getis et al. (1991) “Introduction to Geography”. 3rd edition.
European
African (slaves)
Indian
Chinese
Japanese
Majority of population descended from immigrants
Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

9. Types of Migration International: one country to another 2 Types
Primarily a phenomena in Stage 2 Demographic transition countries
2 Types
VOLUNTARY MIGRATION:
chose to leave, usually for
a good reason, not life or death
FORCED MIGRATION:
see no other choice
but to leave

10. INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION
Voluntary migration
The migrant makes the decision to move.
Most migration is voluntary.
CHAIN MIGRATION: movement because a family member has already migrated to an area “person follows someone else to a place”
Forced Migration
Involuntary migration in which the mover has no role in the decision-making process, or fears for their life.
Slavery.
About 11 million African slaves were brought to the Americas between 1519 and 1867.
In 1860, there were close to 4 million slaves in the United States.
Refugees.
Military conscription.
Children of migrants.
Situations of divorce or separation.

11. Key Term: Forced Migration

13. Types of Migration Internal: within the same country 2 Types
Less traumatic, more common
2 Types
Interregional: one region to another
Intraregional: within same region
Fill in the blank: “Most common interregional migration is _______ to _______ areas in search of jobs.”

14. Types of Migration
Internal Migration
Within one country.
Crossing domestic jurisdictional boundaries.
Movements between states or provinces.
Little government control.
Factors:
Employment-based.
Retirement-based.
Education-based.
Civil conflicts (internally displaced population).
Why are there so many elderly people in Florida and Arizona?
Slide courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

15. Life Course Migration
Movement because of a transitional stage in life.

16. Types of Migration Circular migration Spring Summer
Fall / Winter
Spring
Summer
Circular migration
A type of temporary migration.
Associated with agricultural work.
The migrant follows the harvest of various crops, moving from one place to another each time.
Very common in the US Southwest (Mexican farm workers) and in Western Europe (Eastern European farm workers).

17. Where else have we talked about guest workers?

18. Remittance: transfer of money by a foreign worker to an individual in his or her home country spatial interaction = “remittance corridor”

19. Interregional Migrations
U.S. population has been moving Westward and Southward
Gold Rush (1849) and Donner Party just the most dramatic examples of hardship.
Wells, Pumps, Aqueducts, Mosquito Control and Air Conditioning have allowed this move which otherwise would be impossible.
Loss of Industrial Jobs in east compliments increase in Sunbelt service sector (biotech, communications).
Move from rural region to urban region

20. U.S. Migration
Prior to 1840, 90% of U.S. immigration was from Britain
Destinations of U.S. Immigrants - ethnic neighborhoods often result of chain migration
Mexicans: California, Texas, Illinois, New York
Caribbean: Florida or New York
Chinese and Indians: New York & California
Other Asians: California
Armenians: ????

22. Migration by Major Metropolitan Areas in the United States, 1990-98 (in 1,000s)
Source: The Economist, March 11th 2000.
Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

23. Voluntary African-American Migrations
Great Migration: Black population moved to Industrial Belt (i.e., Chicago, New York, Detroit) and Los Angeles during World Wars (labor shortages).

24. Cobb County Immigration
chart_ancestry.html
Cobb County Immigration

25. Intraregional Migrations in U.S.
U.S. population has been moving out of the city centers to the suburbs: STILL URBAN REGION
Developed Countries: Suburbanization
automobiles and roads
‘American Dream’
better services
Counterurbanization
idyllic settings
cost of land for retirement
slow pace, yet high tech connections to services and markets
U.S. intraregional migration during 1990s.

27. Intraregional Migrations in LDCs
Populations in the less developed world are rushing to cities in search of work and income.
Urbanization
migration from rural areas
lack of jobs in countryside
lack of services in cities
Tokyo, Los Angeles, and New York only MDC cities on top 10 list
Mexico City, Mexico
Lagos, Nigeria
Mumbai, India

28. Ellis Island National Monument
U.S. Immigration
Prior to 1840, 90% of U.S. immigration was from Britain
Two Big Waves:
: W. and N. European transitioning to Southern and Eastern European by 1910
Irish (potato famine in 1840s) and Germans
During 1900s: Italians, Russians, Austria-Hungary (Czech, Poland, Romania, etc.)
Today: Asians and Latin Americans; declining Europeans
Asians: China, India; 1980s -1990s: Philippines, Vietnam, and South Korea
Latin America: Mexico, Dom. Rep., El Salvador, Cuba, Haiti
1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act admitted former illegals in 1990, 1991.
Ellis Island National Monument

30. U.S. Immigration Policies
1882, Bars Asian immigration for ten years (extended)
1921, Quota Act - country by country quotas
1924 National Origins Act - country by country quotas
1965, Immigration Act - quotas for countries replaced, in 1968, with hemisphere quotas of 170, 000 for East and 120,000 for West
1978, Immigration Act - global quota of 290, 000
1980, Refugee Act - quotas do not apply to those seeking political asylum
1986, Immigration Reform and Control Act admitted large numbers of former illegals.
1990, Immigration Act raised global quotas to roughly 675,000
1995, visas issued Preferentially by skills:
480,000 - to relatives of people here
140,000 - to those with special skills and education
55,000 - to diversity candidates (i.e., mostly not from Latin Amer. or Asia)
Current Total: 675,000

31. U.S. Immigration Patterns

33. BRAIN DRAIN Large scale emigration by talented people
People leave LDC’s and move to MDC’s for better suited opportunities to their skills
They often don’t return to their home country
1970’s Asian immigration to U.S. (China & India)
BRAIN DRAIN

35. US Population by Race and Ethnicity, 1990-2050
Source: US Census Bureau.
Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

36. Top 10 Countries of Origin for US Legal Immigrants, 1998
Source: INS.
Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

37. Illegal Aliens in the United States by Country of Origin, 1996 (in 1,000s)
About 5.0 million undocumented immigrants were residing in the United States in October 1996, with a range of about 4.6 to 5.4 million (about 1.9% of the total US population). The population was estimated to be growing by about 275,000 each year. 41 percent, of the total undocumented population in 1996 are nonimmigrant overstays. That is, they entered legally on a temporary basis and failed to depart.
Source: US INS.
Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

38. Population Pyramid of Native and Foreign Born Population, United States, 2000 (in %)
Male
Female
Age
Male
Female
Source: US Census Bureau, 2000.
Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

39. Ravenstein’s Theories of Migration.
Most migrants go a short distance, within same country.
Long distance migrants head for major centers of economic activity.
Urban residents migrate less than rural residents
Most long distance migrants are male.
Most long distance migrants are single without families.
Ravenstein’s Theories of Migration.

40. Forced Migration
The Trail of Tears, 1838