NATIONALISM: REVOLUTIONS IN LATIN AMERICA Why were nationalist revolutions occurring in Latin America? Mexico Spanish South America

I. Latin American Class System A. The success of the Enlightenment, American & French Revolutions inspires colonies controlled by France, Spain & Portugal B. Strong class system (based on race) in place in Latin America, rights depended where you were in this system Europeans (Euro’s) born in Spain/Portugal, top Govt jobs Peninsulares (1/%) Euro’s born in Lat. Am., landowners & govt jobs/top army jobs Creoles (22%) Mixed Indian & Euro., merchants & low gov’t jobs/army Mestizos (15%) Mixed African & Euro., low wage labor jobs Mulattos (7%) Slaves (5%) African, labor jobs Indigenous People, few jobs available Indians (50%)

II. Saint Domingue (HAITI) A. 1791: First Lat. Amer. revolution happens in the Caribbean 1. 100K of the 500K enslaved Africans rose up against their masters in the French Colony of Saint Domingue (Haiti) 2. Slaves were led by Toussaint L’Ouverture 3. French send troops to retake the island B. Toussaint agrees to stop the revolution if France ends slavery on Saint Domingue (Haiti) C. French capture Toussaint & take him to a prison in the French Alps D. More slaves join the fight, slave army now led by Jean-Jacques Dessailines E. 1804: Dessailines defeats French Army & creates nation of Haiti – Napoleon pulls France out of the Americas

III. SPANISH SOUTH AMERICA A. Napoleonic Wars = Spain losing their grip on Lat. Am col’s. B. 1811: Influenced by Am. Rev, a Creole General named Simon Bolívar fights for independence in Venezuela 1. 1819, leads an army over Andes Mountains into New Granada (Colombia/Ecuador), surprising Spain C. 1821: Venezuela & New Granada are independent (become Gran Colombia), 1. 1822: Bolívar heads to Peru D. 1816: Creole General Jose de San Martín begins ind. movement in Rio De La Plata (Argentina/Paraguay) Simon Bolívar 1. 1817: Heads into Andes to fight Spanish army in nearby Chile Jose de San Martín

1. 1821:Combined armies beat Spanish in Chile E. In the Andes, San Martín meets an Irish-Peruvian Bernardo O’Higgins, they decide to combine armies 1. 1821:Combined armies beat Spanish in Chile F. 1822: San Martín heads to Peru, O’Higgins stays G.1823: San Martín and Bolívar discuss combining armies to defeat Spain in Peru Bernardo O’Higgins H. 12/9/1824: Bolívar (El Libertador) leads combined armies, final battle was won in Ayacucho, Peru I. Peru independent, Southern Peru becomes Bolivia & Chile

IV. New Spain (MEXICO/CENTRAL AMERICA) A. 1810: Padre Miguel Hidalgo calls for a revolution against Spain 1. . Sept 16: to symbolize start of the war of independence, Hidalgo rang the bells of his church 2. Speech is El Grito de Dolores, the Cry of Dolores B. Hidalgo’s Indian & Mestizo army began to march towards Mexico City. 80,000 people would join Miguel Hidalgo C. 1811: Spanish Army led by Creoles defeat Hidalgo’s army 1. Hidalgo is executed by Spanish Authorities D. Padre Jose Morelos continues war but his army defeated 4 years later

Agustin Iturbide Dom Pedro I E. 1816: King of Spain returns to power, Creoles lose their privileges F. Creoles unite with Mestizos and Indians, General Agustin Iturbide declares Mexican Independence G. 1821: Fed up w/ wars, Spain grants independence to Mexico which includes Central America H.1823: Central American leaders win independence when Emp. Iturbide is overthrown Agustin Iturbide V. BRAZIL A. 1808: Royal family of Portugal flees to Brazil when Napoleon invades B. King João VI gives Brazil co-kingdom status C. 1821: João returns to Portugal leaves son Dom Pedro in charge of Brazil D. 1822:João takes away co-Kingdom status E. Creoles threaten war, João gives Brazil independence, his son Dom Pedro is Emperor Dom Pedro I