1. UNIT 13/14 American, French, and Latin American Revolutions

2. What happened during the Napoleonic Wars? How did the American and French Revolutions affect South America? Latin America

3. Colonial Rule Left alone Emboldened by Revolutions Educated in Enlightenment New Leaders Simon Bolivar Jose de San Martin Father Miguel Hidalgo European Influences

4. Peninsulares High political office Controlled wealth and power Creoles Educated Army officers Wealthy Limited opportunities Mestizo Mixed blood - Spanish/Indian Working Class Mulatto Mixed blood - Spanish/African Colonial Society The animation automatically begins. Indian Slave labor

5. Haiti French colony of Saint Domingue  Majority of population were slaves  Led into a revolt by Toussaint L’Ouverture that ended slavery in Hispaniola  1 st black colony to free itself from European control Venezuela Simon Bolivar (Libertador)  Creole  led the Venezuelan independence movement  United Ecuador, Venezuela, and Columbia – named himself president of Gran Columbia  Wanted to unite the newly independent South American countries (model after U.S.)

6. Argentina Jose de San Martin Independence threatened by Spanish forces in Chile and Peru Drove out the Spanish, helped by Bernardo O’Higgins (Peru) Needed a bigger army, met up with Bolivar and turned his army over to him  Bolivar’s army defeated the Spanish  Freedom for Latin American

7. Mexico  Revolution started by Padre Miguel Hidalgo  Defeated, BUT rebels regrouped under Padre Jose Morelos  Mexico eventually declared freedom from Spain  Central American countries then declared freedom from Spain AND Mexico

8. Peru French Guiana Bolivia Brazil Venezuela Colombia Suriname Argentina Paraguay Guyana Uruguay Chile Ecuador Falkland Islands Trinidad & Tobago Brazil No violent overthrow The Portuguese royal family escaped a French invasion (Napoleon) and went to Brazil Brazilians no longer wanted to be a colony and asked the Prince to rule