Psychological Development Dear Mrs. Jones, I wish to clarify that I am not now, nor have I ever been, an exotic dancer.   I work at Home Depot and I told my daughter how hectic it was last week before the blizzard hit.  I told her we sold out every single shovel we had, and then I found one more in the back room, and that several people were fighting over who would get it.    Her picture doesn't show me dancing around a pole.  It's supposed to depict me selling the last snow shovel we had at Home Depot. From now on I will remember to check her homework more thoroughly before she turns it in. Sincerely, Mrs.  Smith AP PSYCH

Prenatal Development Prenatal period – The developmental period before birth Zygote Embryo Fetus Placenta – An organ that develops between the embryo/fetus and the mother Teratogens – Toxic substances that can damage the developing organism AP PSYCH 10

What Capabilities Does the Child Possess? Newborns have innate abilities for finding nourishment, directing attention, and reflexes AP PSYCH

Habituation (Tendency to ignore repeated stimulation) We tend to focus on things that are unfamiliar. Results from research: Babies Look at faces first. Babies have object permanence much younger than Piaget thought. AP PSYCH 13

Infancy (from one month to about 18 months) Maturation – The unfolding of genetically programmed processes of growth and development over time NATURE!!!!!!!!!! *Brain must refine neural connections & Prune unused/unneccesary connections AP PSYCH 14

Maturation Timetable for Locomotion Birth AP PSYCH 15

Maturation Timetable for Locomotion Birth 1 mo. Responds to sound Becomes quiet when picked up Vocalizes occasionally AP PSYCH 16

Maturation Timetable for Locomotion Birth 1 mo. 2 mo. Smiles socially Recognizes mother Rolls from side to back Lifts head and holds it erect and steady AP PSYCH 17

Maturation Timetable for Locomotion Birth 1 mo. 2 mo. 3 mo. Vocalizes to the smiles and talk of an adult Searches for source of sound Sits with support, head steady AP PSYCH 18

Maturation Timetable for Locomotion Birth 1 mo. 2 mo. 3 mo. 4 mo. Gaze follows dangling ring, vanishing spoon, and ball moved across table Sits with slight support AP PSYCH 19

Maturation Timetable for Locomotion Birth 1 mo. 2 mo. 3 mo. 4 mo. 5 mo. Discriminates strangers from familiar persons Turns from back to side Makes distinctive vocalizations AP PSYCH 20

Maturation Timetable for Locomotion Birth 1 mo. 2 mo. 3 mo. 4 mo. 5 mo. 6 mo. Lifts cup and bangs it Smiles at mirror image Reaches for small object AP PSYCH 21

Maturation Timetable for Locomotion Birth 1 mo. 2 mo. 3 mo. 4 mo. 5 mo. 6 mo. 7 mo. Makes playful responses to mirror Sits alone steadily Crawls AP PSYCH 22

Maturation Timetable for Locomotion Birth 1 mo. 2 mo. 3 mo. 4 mo. 5 mo. 6 mo. 7 mo. 8 mo. Vocalizes up to four different syllables Listens selectively to familiar words Pulls to standing position AP PSYCH 23

Maturation Timetable for Locomotion Birth 1 mo. 2 mo. 3 mo. 4 mo. 5 mo. 6 mo. 7 mo. 8 mo. 9 mo. AP PSYCH 24

Maturation Timetable for Locomotion Birth 1 mo. 2 mo. 3 mo. 4 mo. 5 mo. 6 mo. 7 mo. 8 mo. 9 mo. 10 mo. Plays pat-a-cake AP PSYCH 25

Maturation Timetable for Locomotion Birth 1 mo. 2 mo. 3 mo. 4 mo. 5 mo. 6 mo. 7 mo. 8 mo. 9 mo. 10 mo. 11 mo. Stands alone AP PSYCH 26

Maturation Timetable for Locomotion Birth 1 mo. 2 mo. 3 mo. 4 mo. 5 mo. 6 mo. 7 mo. 8 mo. 9 mo. 10 mo. 11 mo. 1 year Walks alone AP PSYCH 27

What Are the Developmental Tasks of Infancy and Childhood? Infants and children face especially important developmental tasks in the areas of cognition and social relationships – tasks that lay a foundation for further growth in adolescence and adulthood AP PSYCH

Cognitive Development Cognitive development – The process by which thinking changes over time Schemes – Mental structures or programs that guide a developing child’s thoughts AP PSYCH 31

Cognitive Development Assimilation – Mental process that modifies new information to fit it into existing schemes Accommodation – Mental process that restructures existing schemes so that new information is better understood AP PSYCH 32

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development Sensorimotor Preoperational Concrete Operational Inductive Reasoning *Specific example  General Proposition Formal Operational Deductive Reasoning *General Proposition  Specific Example AP PSYCH 33

Gradual versus Abrupt Change Age Performance Discontinuity view Continuity view Continuity view vs. Discontinuity view AP PSYCH 6

Attachment 3 Factors of Attachment Body Contact (Harlow’s Research) Familiarity (Humans don’t imprint) Responsiveness Mary Ainsworth “Strange Situation Test” Secure Attachment -Separation Anxiety & Stranger Anxiety Avoidant Attachment -Don’t go to parents as “base” Ambivalent Attachment -Stress at abandonment, but no comfort AP PSYCH 39

Diana Baumrind’s Parenting Styles Authoritarian Authoritative Permissive A great example of good parenting. AP PSYCH 39

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages Age/Period Principal Challenge 0 to 1 year Trust vs. mistrust 1to 2 years Autonomy vs. self doubt 3 to 5 years Initiative vs. guilt Elementary School Industry vs. inferiority Adolescence Identity vs. role confusion Early adulthood Intimacy vs. isolation Middle adulthood Generativity vs. stagnation Late adulthood Ego-integrity vs. despair AP PSYCH 33

Cognitive Development in Adolescence Formal operational stage – Piaget’s final stage of cognitive growth (abstract and complex thought) Hormones rise to high levels The frontal lobes undergo a “remodel” This leads to sensation seeking and risk taking, and preoccupation with body image and sex AP PSYCH 41

Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Reasoning I. Preconventional morality (Yourself!) Stage 1: Avoid Punishment Stage 2: “What am I going to get out of this?” II. Conventional morality (Society) Stage 3: Pleasing others Stage 4: Following the law II. Postconventional morality (Beyond Society) Stages 5 & 6: Exceptions & internal judgements AP PSYCH 36

The Developmental Challenges of Adulthood Love and work Intimacy versus isolation Generativity versus stagnation Generativity – A process of making a commitment beyond oneself to family, work, society, or future generations AP PSYCH 42

Memory & Intelligence as we age Encoding failure increases with age. Recall ability declines, recognition remains stable. Personally meaningful info. Maintained easier. Prospective Memory Declines Crystallized Intelligence Accumulated knowledge & facts Increases with age. Ex. Historians, Writers, College Professors, etc. Fluid Intelligence Problem-solving, Puzzle-solving ability Decreases with age Ex. NASA mission control, HS teachers, Physicists ,etc. AP PSYCH 42

Types of Studies Cross-Sectional Look at DIFFERENT people in the same time of their life. Longitudinal Study SAME people at different times during their life. AP PSYCH

On Death and Dying Elisabeth Kubler-Ross Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance AP PSYCH