1. Chapter 6
Lifespan Development

2. Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory * Video
Stage/ Psycho-social Crisis
Ages
Developmental Processes/Resolution
Trust v. Mistrust
Infant 0-18mo
Develops a sense of trust if caretakers are reliable. Virtue = Hope
Autonomy v. Shame,Doubt
Toddler
18mo-3y
Develops a sense of pride in self-control if caregivers set limits and provide opportunities to learn. Virtue = will
Initiative v. Guilt
3-6 years
Learns to initiate actions and relationships through exploration and play. Development independence if efforts are successful.
Virtue = Purpose
Industry v. Inferiority
6-12 years
Learns the rules and standards of schools and society. Develops virtue of competence when meets expectations.

3. Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages, cont.
Stage/ Psycho-social Crisis
Ages
Developmental Processes/Resolution
Identity v. role confusion
Adolescence
Develops a sense of personal identity through exploration of options in the world. Virtue = fidelity
Intimacy v.
Isolation
Early Adulthood
Develops the ability to experience the giving and receiving of love as an adult.
Virtue = Love
Generativity v.
Stagnation
Middle
Adulthood
Wants to make his/her life mean something to future generations- through work, parenting, etc Virtue = Care
Ego Integrity v.
Despair
Late
Evaluates his/her life as worthwhile and meaningful. Acceptance of death as natural ending. Virtue = wisdom

4. Research on Development
Cross Sectional Research *
Compares people of different ages at one time.
Problem – individual differences unrelated to age
Longitudinal Research *
Follow the same individual or group over a long period of time
Compare the variable of interest at different times
Problem – takes years to do study.

5. Prenatal Development, pt. 1
Germinal Period *
Zygote (fertilized egg)
Conception – Implantation
First days
Differentiates between zygote and outside cells
Outside cells will become protective structures

6. Prenatal Part 2: Embryo *
2-8 weeks
Major internal and external organs develop
Amniotic sac, Placenta, Umbilical Cord
Teratogens *
Harmful material affecting development
Drugs, alcohol, toxins, viruses, smoking
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome *
Limb & facial abnormalities, retardation Video

7. Prenatal, Part 3: The Fetus *
9 weeks – birth
From less than one ounce to 6-8 pounds
Growth and maturation of organs
Senses and preferences

8. Infancy and Early Childhood
Contact Comfort *
The infant’s need for physical contact Video
Attachment *
Infant’s need to be with caregiver
Stranger Anxiety * Video
Fear of unknown people; 5/6 mo, lessens at 12 mo
Separation Anxiety * Video
Fear of being left by caregiver; 8mo – 30mo.

9. Patterns of Attachment
Strange Situation Test – Ainsworth Video
Secure Attachment *
60%; explore; cry when left; comforted on return
Avoidant Attachment *
15%; don’t explore, avoid or ignore mother
Disorganized (anxious)*
15%; No consistent method of coping
Ambivalent Attachment *
10% Wary, clinging; distress when left, ambivalent on return

10. Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
Schema (framework for knowledge in LTM)
Assimilation – new information fits existing schema
Existing schema expands to include new information
Schema (framework for knowledge in LTM
Accommodation – new information doesn’t fit schema
New schema develops to accommodate new information

11. Piaget’s Stages Stage Age Range Description
Accomplishes
Sensorimotor
0-2 years
Experiences world
Through senses
Object Permanence
Video
Preoperational
2-7 years
Egocentrism VDO; symbolic thought; mental images
Theory of mind;
Language
Concrete Operational
7-11 years
Logical Thinking; Real World Skills
Conservation
Formal Operational
11-adult
Abstract concepts; scientific reasoning
Abstract logic Child v. Adol VDO

12. Moral Development: Reasoning
Watch this Video. Decide what you would do. More importantly, decide WHY you would do it.
Which stage of Kohlberg’s theory represents your reasoning?
Age
Level
Stage
Description of reasoning
Young child
I. Preconventional
1. Punishment & Obedience
Will I get caught and punished?
Child
2. Naïve Hedonism
(self interest)
How will it benefit me?
Older child &
2. Conventional
1. Social approval
What will my friends and family think?
Most adults
2. Social norms or laws
What are the rules of society that I should follow?
Few adults,
3. Postconventional
1. Social contracts
What are abstract reasons for laws: justice, equality, etc.
Most older
2. Universal ethical principles
Which abstract principles are most important?

13. Gender Role Development
Sex *
Biological M/F
XX or XY chromosomes
Gender *
Cultural definition of masculine & feminine
Gender Role *
Cultural expectations about appropriate behavior for each gender

14. Theories of Gender Role Development
Social Learning Theory *
Modeling
Media
Reinforcement for gender appropriate behaviors
Gender Schema Theory *
Gender is an important category
Child seeks information
Child develops expectations for gender roles.

15. Baumrind’s Parenting Styles *
Authoritarian *
Traditional hierarchy, strict rules, punish to control
Possible consequences: unhappiness, rebellion
May work in other cultures or subcultures.
Permissive* (2 kinds)
a) Negligent – ignore kids: kids wild, confused, sad, or angry
b) Loving – indulgent; spoiled, lack boundaries
Authoritative *
Communication; Caring; Rules + Negotiation
Kids learn to make decisions; more mature, successful

16. Discuss in small groups or as a class.
What parenting style did your parent’s use?
What effect do you think it had on you?
How did your temperament affect your parents and their style?
Why do you think different styles work better in different cultures?
How do you think parenting styles should adapt or change with the age of the child?

17. Discussion Concepts for Adulthood
Change is steady, less dramatic in adulthood.
Social Clock
Marriage
Decisions about parenting
Work and Education
Menopause
Crystallized and Fluid Intelligence
Retirement

18. Alzheimer’s Disease * One form of dementia
Slow decline over many years
Physical, mental, emotional, social effects
Memory problems earliest symptom
Multiple possible causes, inc. genetics, environment, diet, inflammation in brain, glia.
Amyloid plaques; tau proteins, tangles
Problems for society, caregivers. Video