1. Chapter 3 Infancy and Childhood

2. Developmental Psychology- the study of changes that occur as as individual matures. Developmental Psychology- the study of changes that occur as as individual matures. Continuity v. stages of development Continuity v. stages of development Stability v. change Stability v. change Nature v. nurture Nature v. nurture How much of development is the result of inheritance and how much is the result of what we have learned? How much of development is the result of inheritance and how much is the result of what we have learned?

3. Newborns Newborns have the ability to see, hear, smell and respond to the environment. Newborns have the ability to see, hear, smell and respond to the environment. Grasping, rooting, moro, babinski-reflexes Grasping, rooting, moro, babinski-reflexesreflexes Average baby is 7.3 pounds at birth- 20 to 25 pounds by end of the first year. 18-22 inches at birth Average baby is 7.3 pounds at birth- 20 to 25 pounds by end of the first year. 18-22 inches at birth

4. Maturation Internally programmed growth Internally programmed growth Rolling over -2-3 months Rolling over -2-3 months Sitting up-6 months Sitting up-6 months Creeping- 10 months Creeping- 10 months Walking- 11.5 month Walking- 11.5 month Must be ready physiologically!

5. Perceptual Development/Language Visual Cliff Visual Cliff Visual Cliff Visual Cliff Language Development Language Development Learn to make the signs Learn to make the signs Learn the meaning of the signs. Learn the meaning of the signs. Learn grammar Learn grammar Symbols at the end of the second year Symbols at the end of the second year Telegraphic Speech- 2 years of age Telegraphic Speech- 2 years of age By 4/5 years of age- several thousand words By 4/5 years of age- several thousand words

6. Section 2 Cognitive and Emotional Development How do we construct the world? How do we construct the world? Schemas: mental representations of the world. Schemas: mental representations of the world. Assimilation: try to fit the new object into this schema. Assimilation: try to fit the new object into this schema. Accommodation- change our schema to fit the characteristics of the new object. Accommodation- change our schema to fit the characteristics of the new object. Object Permanence Object Permanence Before 6 months – no object permanence Before 6 months – no object permanence 7-12 months- search for the object the last place that it was seen/will soon forget it. 7-12 months- search for the object the last place that it was seen/will soon forget it. 7-12 months 7-12 months 12-18 months- - search for the object the last place that it was seen/will not forget it. 12-18 months- - search for the object the last place that it was seen/will not forget it. 18-24 months- will actively look for it. 18-24 months- will actively look for it.

7. Representational Thought Conservation When a child reaches object permanence, can now use symbols remember. When a child reaches object permanence, can now use symbols remember. Conservation: the principle that a given quantity does not change when its appearance is changed. Conservation: the principle that a given quantity does not change when its appearance is changed. Conservation Conservation happens because children are Egocentric- see and think of the world from their own standpoint. Conservation happens because children are Egocentric- see and think of the world from their own standpoint.

9. Piaget’s Stages 1. Sensorimotor Stage: schemas that use body and sensations. 1. Sensorimotor Stage: schemas that use body and sensations. 2. Preoperational Stage: use mental images or symbols to understand things. 2. Preoperational Stage: use mental images or symbols to understand things. 3. Concrete Stage: Can use logical schemas…but only see things in black and white terms. 3. Concrete Stage: Can use logical schemas…but only see things in black and white terms. 4. Formal Operations Stage: solve abstract problems. 4. Formal Operations Stage: solve abstract problems.

10. Emotional Development Imprinting: Konrad Lorenz Imprinting: Konrad LorenzKonrad LorenzKonrad Lorenz Surrogate Mothers and Monkeys Surrogate Mothers and Monkeys Human Infants attachment seems to be especially strong between the ages of 6 months and 3 years. Human Infants attachment seems to be especially strong between the ages of 6 months and 3 years.

11. Section 3 Parenting Styles

12. Benefits of authoritative families: Benefits of authoritative families: Establishment of limits Establishment of limits Responding to the child with warmth and support Responding to the child with warmth and support Make their own decisions with or without advice Make their own decisions with or without advice Assume responsibility gradually Assume responsibility gradually Identify with parents who love and respect Identify with parents who love and respect Present a model of responsibility and independence Present a model of responsibility and independence

13. Child Abuse Includes the physical or mental injury, sexual abuse, negligent treatment, or mistreatment of children under the age of 18 by adults entrusted with their care. Includes the physical or mental injury, sexual abuse, negligent treatment, or mistreatment of children under the age of 18 by adults entrusted with their care. Nebraska statistics and Project Harmony Nebraska statistics and Project Harmony Nebraska statisticsProject Harmony Nebraska statisticsProject Harmony Overburdened and overstressed parents Overburdened and overstressed parents Physically, mentally disadvantaged, hyperactive experience a higher than normal incidence of abuse Physically, mentally disadvantaged, hyperactive experience a higher than normal incidence of abuse

14. Social Development Cookies Cookies Cookies Socialization- learning the rules of behavior of the culture in which you are born and grow up. When to apply rules and when not to. Socialization- learning the rules of behavior of the culture in which you are born and grow up. When to apply rules and when not to. Freud’s Theory- Psychosexual Development Freud’s Theory- Psychosexual Development Erikson’s Theory-Psychosocial Development Erikson’s Theory-Psychosocial Development

15. Moral Development What would you do? Consider the following: Your bank’s ATM dispenses $10,000 to you, and there is no way that this error would ever be discovered. You keep the money, but you donate half of it to the soup kitchen in your town. Should you have kept the money? How did you decide what to do?

16. Lawrence Kohlberg Moral reasoning- developed moral dilemmas or situations: Moral reasoning- developed moral dilemmas or situations: Moral reasoning develops in six stages, which is arranged into three levels: Moral reasoning develops in six stages, which is arranged into three levels: Preconventional: children base decisions about right or wrong based on the ability to avoid punishment or to gain rewards. Preconventional: children base decisions about right or wrong based on the ability to avoid punishment or to gain rewards. Conventional – children/adults can understand rules and expectations that others may have for them. Moral reasoning is based on the standards of the group or society. Conventional – children/adults can understand rules and expectations that others may have for them. Moral reasoning is based on the standards of the group or society. Postconventional- people base their judgments of right or wrong on contractual or universal principles of morality. - Golden Rule, not everything can be applied to the same situation. Postconventional- people base their judgments of right or wrong on contractual or universal principles of morality. - Golden Rule, not everything can be applied to the same situation.