Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 DNA Technology Genetic Engineering

The smaller fragments move farther faster than the larger ones. Genetics and Biotechnology Gel Electrophoresis An electric current is used to separate DNA fragments according to the size of the fragments in a process called gel electrophoresis. When an electric current is applied, the negatively charged DNA fragments move toward the positive end of the gel. The smaller fragments move farther faster than the larger ones.

Gel Electrophoresis

Genome total DNA in the nucleus of each cell. Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 DNA Technology DNA Tools Genome total DNA in the nucleus of each cell. Transgenic Tobacco Plant with Firefly gene

The ends of the DNA fragments, called sticky ends Genetics and Biotechnology Restriction Enzymes EcoRI-Restriction enzyme specifically cuts DNA containing the sequence GAATTC. The ends of the DNA fragments, called sticky ends DNA fragments cut by restriction enzymes can pair up and join with any other DNA fragments cut by the same enzyme

Genetics and Biotechnology Recombinant DNA The newly generated DNA molecule with DNA from different sources is called recombinant DNA.

Applications of recombinant DNA Bacteria: used to produce hormones and antibiotics Plants: made to be resistant to herbicides Animals: replacement of genes which cause disorders (gene therapy); cows could produce medicine in milk

Genetics and Biotechnology Transformation Some of the bacterial cells take up the recombinant plasmid DNA through a process called transformation.

Cloning Cloning is an asexual form of reproduction. All the child's genes would come from a body cell of a single individual:

Dolly –1st clone

Genetics and Biotechnology PCR Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) a technique for copying a piece of DNA a billion-fold. The process creates a chain of many nucleotides, and the chain is a strand of DNA. Used in genetic fingerprinting

Genetics and Biotechnology Transgenic Organisms Biotechnology Organisms, genetically engineered by inserting a gene from another organism, are called transgenic organisms.

Mice, fruit flies, and the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans Genetics and Biotechnology Transgenic Organisms Transgenic Animals Scientists produce most transgenic animals in laboratories for biological research. Mice, fruit flies, and the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans

Genetically engineered cotton resists insect infestation of the bolls. Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 DNA Technology Transgenic Plants Genetically engineered cotton resists insect infestation of the bolls. Sweet-potato plants are resistant to a virus that could kill most of the African harvest. Rice plants with increased iron and vitamins could decrease malnutrition.

A technique aimed at correcting mutated genes that cause human Genetics and Biotechnology 13.3 The Human Genome A technique aimed at correcting mutated genes that cause human diseases is called gene therapy. Scientists insert a normal gene into a chromosome to replace a dysfunctional gene. Genomics is the study of an organism’s genome.

Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 DNA Technology