1. DNA Technology

2. DNA Extraction Chemical treatments cause cells and nuclei to burst
The DNA is inherently sticky, and can be pulled out of the mixture
This is called “spooling” DNA

3. “Spooled” DNA

4. Cutting DNA Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sequences
Useful to divide DNA into manageable fragments

5. Electrophoresis DNA can be separated based on size due to charge
The phosphate groups are negatively charged
DNA is placed in a gel and electricity is run through

6. Electrophoresis Negative DNA moves toward the positive end
Smaller fragments move farther and faster

7. Electrophoresis

8. Cloning Clone- a member of a group of genetically identical cells
May be produced by asexual reproduction (mitosis)

9. Cloning organisms
A body cell from one organism and an egg cell from another are fused
The resulting cell divides like a normal embryo

10. Cloning “Dolly”

11. Human Genome Project

12. Human Genome Project Started in 1990
Research effort to sequence all of our DNA (46 chromosomes)
Over 3.3 billion nucleotides
Mapping every gene location (loci)
Conducted by scientists around the world

13. HGP Insights Only 2% of human genome codes for proteins (exons)
Other 98% (introns) are non-coding
Only about 20,000 to 25,000 genes (expected 100,000)
Proteome – organism’s complete set of proteins
About 8 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) – places where humans differ by a single nucleotide
About ½ of genome comes from transposons (pieces of DNA that move to different locations on chromosomes)

14. Benefits of Human Genome Project
Improvements in medical prevention of disease, gene therapies, diagnosis techniques …
Production of useful protein products for use in medicine, agriculture, bioremediation and pharmaceutical industries.
Improved bioinformatics – using computers to help in DNA sequencing …

15. Activity
Complete Problem Solving Lab on page 353

16. Cutting DNA Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sequences
Useful to divide DNA into manageable fragments

17. Recombinant DNA Combining DNA from two different organisms
Placed in transgenic organisms, living things that contain recombinant DNA

18. How it happens:
Cut plasmid (circular DNA in bacteria) with restriction enzyme
Cut gene of interest with restriction enzyme
Ligase “glues” together gene of interest with plasmid
Bacteria (now transgenic organism) produces protein coded by gene of interest

20. Benefits of Genetic Engineering

21. Gene Therapy
Process by which a person is given new DNA from a donor for the purpose of curing a disease

22. Biotechnology -
The use of gene science to create new products from plants and animals

23. Biotechnology Provides:
Improved food products
Medical advances
An enhanced environment

24. Herbicide Resistant Crops
+ CP4 EPSPS = Roundup
gene Ready
Soybeans: Roundup Ready
Corn: Roundup Ready, Liberty Link
Cotton: BXN, Roundup Ready
Canola: Liberty Link, Roundup Ready

25. Biotechnology Breakthroughs
Insulin (1982)
First commercial biotech product
Reliable, inexpensive source of insulin
Rice
Enriched with beta-carotene and iron
Bananas
Containing edible hepatitis vaccine

26. Biotechnology Breakthroughs
Potatoes with higher solid content
Garlic that lowers cholesterol
Fruits and vegetables that reduce risks of cancer and heart disease

27. Environmental Benefits
Reduced pesticide use
Lower energy requirements
Cleaner water
Less soil erosion

28. Activity Complete MINI-lab on page 343
Complete Problem-Solving Lab on page 347