The Debates The Lincoln Debates were a series of 7 debates between Abraham Lincoln, republican nominee, and Stephen Douglas, democratic nominee. The main theme was slavery and slavery in the west. Douglas claimed the Lincoln wanted African Americans to be fully equal to whites and that he was contributing to breaking up the union. They met in August, September, and October of 1858 all over Illinois. Thousands of people attended these debates.

Election of 1860 This election took place in 1860 when the nation was divided by the Civil War The Democratic party split into two sections, bringing Abraham Lincoln and the Republican party with the support of only one Southern state.

Election of 1860 Abraham Lincoln (Republican), Stephen A. Douglas (Democrat), and John Breckinridge (Southern Democrat) The North had more electoral votes Democrats were divided, and Lincoln won

Secession Southern states feared Republicans would not protect southern liberties South Carolina secedes December 20, 1860 Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, and Georgia secede by February 1861 Confederate States of America President: Jefferson Davis (MS) States’ rights

Fort Sumter, SC Confederacy seizes fort off coast of Charleston First shots of the war: April 12, 1861 Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas join Confederacy (total of 11 states)

Border states Slaves states that remained in the Union Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, & Delaware Western counties of Virginia seceded and were admitted to Union as state of West Virginia (1861)

The Civil War Fundamental Causes: developed over time- economics; states’ rights, and slavery Immediate Causes: occurred just before the major event itself does; John Brown’s 1859 raid at Harpers Ferry Virginia, Abraham Lincoln’s election as President Of the United States in 1860, and the secession of Southern State’s.

The North Strengths Weaknesses Larger population (71% of total) More firearms (97%) More Railroad tracks (71%) More manufactured goods (92%) More money, better banking system Weaknesses Had to invade a hostile territory Many northerners opposed war

The South Strengths Weaknesses Strong support from population Fighting in familiar territory Excellent military leadership Weaknesses Smaller population (29%, 1/3 was enslaved) Fewer firearms (3%) Fewer railroad tracks (29%) Less manufacturing (8%) States’ rights: reduced support to Confederate gov’t

Major leaders The North The South President: Abraham Lincoln Gen. Ulysses S. Grant (commander of Union forces) Gen. William T. Sherman (“March to the Sea”) The South President: Jefferson Davis Gen. Robert E. Lee (commander of Confederate forces) Gen. Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson (important general)

Major Battles Northern Victories Antietam (1862), Gettysburg (1863), New Orleans (1863), Vicksburg (1863), Petersburg (1864), Atlanta (1864)

Major Battles Gettysburg: largest battle of the war most casualties of any battle (51,000) huge victory for the North (turning point) Antietam: bloodiest single day of the war considered by many to be a tie Lincoln issues Emancipation Proclamation

Southern Victories Bull Run (1862), Fredericksburg (1862), Chancellorsville (1862), Chickamauga (1864), Kennesaw Mountain (1864) Chickamauga (in northwest GA): 2nd bloodiest battle of the war (35,000)

Victory Lee surrenders to Grant, April 9, 1865 Appomattox Courthouse 600,000 dead, Billions of dollars in damage, South destroyed

Women in the War Women in the War `Spies Harriet Tubman (N) Rose O’Neal Greenhow (S), Belle Boyd (S) Loretta Janeta Velaquez (S) (also a soldier) Nurses Clara Barton (American Red Cross), Dorothea Dix (N) Sally Tompkins (S)

African Americans Emancipation Proclamation In the South In the North January 1, 1863, issued after Battle of Antietam Freed all slaves residing in any rebel state Lincoln hoped it would inspire slaves to run away In the South 3.5 million slaves in the South White Southerners feared a rebellion In the North Guides and Spies In 1862, could be soldiers in the army By the end, 10% of soldiers were African American 54th Massachusetts regiment (Glory) 13th Amendment 1865; Constitutional amendment abolishing slavery