The Market Revolution Norton Media Library Chapter 9 Eric Foner

I. The Marquis de Lafayette

II. A New Economy Roads, Canals, and Railroads Improvements in transportation lowered costs and linked farmers to markets Toll roads did little to help the economy Improved water transportation most dramatically increased the speed and lowered the expense of commerce steamboat canals Railroads opened the frontier to settlement and linked markets Telegraph introduced a communication revolution

II. A New Economy (con’t) The Rise of the West Improvements in transportation and communication made possible the rise of the West as a powerful, self-conscious region of the new nation People traveled in groups and cooperated with each other to clear land, build houses and barns, and establish communities “Squatters” set up farms on unoccupied land Many Americans settled without regard to national boundaries Florida

II. A New Economy (con’t) The Cotton Kingdom The market revolution and westward expansion heightened the nation’s sectional divisions The rise of cotton production came with Eli Whitney’s cotton gin The cotton gin revolutionized American slavery The Unfree Westward Movement Historians estimate that around 1 million slaves were shifted from the older slave states to the Deep South between 1800 and 1860 Slave trading became a well-organized business slave coffles Cotton became the empire of liberty’s most important export

III. Market Society Commercial Farmers The Northwest became a region with an integrated economy of commercial farms and manufacturing cities Farmers grew crops and raised livestock for sale The East provided a source of credit and a market Between 1840 and 1860, America’s output of wheat nearly tripled steel plow reaper

III. Market Society (con’t) The Growth of Cities Cities formed part of the western frontier Cincinnati Chicago The nature of work shifted from “skilled artisan” to “factory worker”

III. Market Society (con’t) The Factory System Samuel Slater established America’s first factory in 1790 Based on an “outwork” system The first large-scale American factory was constructed in 1814 at Waltham, Massachusetts Lowell “American system of manufactures” relied on the mass production of interchangeable parts that could be rapidly assembled into standardized finished products The South lagged in factory production

III. Market Society (con’t) The Industrial Worker Americans became more aware of “clock time” Working for an hourly or daily wage seemed to violate the independence Americans considered an essential element of freedom New England textile mills relied largely on female and child labor Westward migration and urban development created an energetic, materialistic and mobile population

III. Market Society (con’t) The transformation of law The corporate form of business organization became central to the new market economy Many Americans distrusted corporate charters as a form of government-granted special privilege The Supreme Court ruled on many aspects of corporations and employer/employee rights

IV. The Free Individual The West and Freedom American freedom had long been linked with the availability of land in the West Manifest destiny In national myth and ideology the West would long remain “the last home of the freeborn American” The West was vital for economic independence, the social condition of freedom

IV. The Free Individual (con’t) The transcendentalists Ralph Waldo Emerson believed freedom was an open-ended process of self-realization by which individuals could remake themselves and their own lives Individualism Americans came to understand that no one person nor government had the right to interfere with the realm of the self Thoreau worried that the market revolution actually stifled individual judgment Walden Genuine freedom lay within

IV. The Free Individual (con’t) The Second Great Awakening The Second Great Awakening added a religious underpinning to the celebration of personal self-improvement, self-reliance, and self-determination The Reverend Charles Grandison Finney became a national celebrity for his preaching in upstate New York The Second Great Awakening thoroughly democratized American Christianity Proliferation of ministers Promoted the doctrine of human free will Revivalist ministers seized the opportunities offered by the market revolution to spread their message

V. The Limits of Prosperity Liberty and Prosperity Official imagery linked the goddess of liberty ever more closely to emblems of material wealth Opportunities for the “self-made” man abounded John Jacob Astor The market revolution produced a new middle class

V. The Limits of Prosperity (con’t) Race and Opportunity Free blacks were excluded from the new economic opportunities Barred from schools and other public facilities, free blacks laboriously constructed their own institutional life African Methodist Episcopal Church Free blacks were confined to the lowest ranks of the labor market Free blacks were not allowed access to public land in the West

V. The Limits of Prosperity (con’t) The Cult of Domesticity A new definition of femininity emerged based on values like love, friendship, and mutual obligation “Virtue” came to be redefined as a personal moral quality associated more and more closely with women Women were to find freedom in fulfilling their duties within their “sphere”

V. The Limits of Prosperity (con’t) Women and Work Only low-paying jobs were available to women domestic servants, factory workers, and seamstresses Not working outside the home became a badge of respectability for women Freedom was freedom from labor Although middle-class women did not work outside the home, they did much work as wife and mother

V. The Limits of Prosperity (con’t) The Early Labor Movement Some felt the market revolution reduced their freedom Economic swings widened the gap between classes The first Workingmen’s parties were established in the 1820s By 1830s strikes had become commonplace

V. The Limits of Prosperity (con’t) The “Liberty of Living” Wage workers evoked “liberty” when calling for improvements in the workplace Some described wage labor as the very essence of slavery Economic security formed an essential part of American freedom

The Market Revolution: Roads and Canals, 1840 • pg. 313

Travel Times from New York City in 1800 and 1830 • pg. 315

The Market Revolution: Western Settlement, 1800–1820 • pg. 316

The Market Revolution: The Spread of Cotton Cultivation, 1820–1840 The Market Revolution: The Spread of Cotton Cultivation, 1820–1840 • pg. 320 The Market Revolution: The Spread of Cotton Cultivation, 1820–1840

Major Cities, 1840 • pg. 323 Major Cities, 1840

Cotton Mills, 1820s • pg. 326 Cotton Mills, 1820s

Table 9.1 • pg. 317

fig09_01.jpg Pages 306–7: Mill on the Brandywine, an 1830 watercolor of a Pennsylvania paper mill. Because it relied on water power, much early manufacturing took place in the countryside. Credit: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, Marian S. Carson Collection, LC-USZC4-3670.

fig09_03.jpg Page 309: An 1810 advertisement for a stagecoach route linking Boston and Sandwich, Massachusetts, reveals the slow speed and high cost of land transportation in the early nineteenth century. It took the entire day (beginning at 5 a.m.), and cost around fifty dollars in today's money to travel the fifty-seven miles between the towns, with stops along the way for breakfast and lunch. Credit: I.N. Stokes Collection, Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints, and Photographs, The New York Public Library; Astor, Lenox, and Tilden Foundations.

fig09_07.jpg Page 311: Rochester, New York, one of many cities that sprang up along the Erie Canal, shown in the foreground. This engraving shows the city in 1853. Credit: I.N. Stokes Collection, Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints, and Photographs, The New York Public Library; Astor, Lenox, and Tilden Foundations.

fig09_12.jpg Page 321: Lagonda Agricultural Works, a color lithograph from 1859 advertising an Ohio manufacturer of agricultural machinery, in this case a horse-drawn reaper. Credit: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, LC-USZC4-1837.

fig09_18a.jpg Page 331: The philosopher Ralph Waldo Emerson, writing in the 1830s, declared that the keynote of the times was "the new importance given to the single person. Credit: Corbis.

fig09_20.jpg Page 334: Das neue Jerusalem (the New Jerusalem), an early nineteenth-century watercolor, in German, illustrates the narrow gateway to heaven and the fate awaiting sinners in hell. These were common themes of preachers in the Second Great Awakening. Credit: Library of Congress Prints & Photographs Division LC-USZC4-4570.

fig09_21a.jpg Page 335 (top): The official seal of New Jersey (1776; with the motto "Liberty and Prosperity" added in 1821) reflects the widespread identification of freedom with technological progress and material prosperity. Credit: J. Franklin Reigart, The United States Album 1844.

fig09_21b.jpg Page 335 (bottom): The official seal of Arkansas (1836) reflects the widespread identification of freedom with technological progress and material prosperity. Credit: J. Franklin Reigart, The United States Album 1844.

fig09_23.jpg Page 337: Juliann Jane Tillman, a preacher in the African Methodist Episcopal Church, in an 1844 engraving. Many Protestant denominations allowed women to preach, although their presence also aroused much criticism. Credit: Library of Congress Prints & Photographs Division LC-USZC4-4543.

fig09_28.jpg Page 342: The Shoemaker’s Strike in Lynn—Procession in the Midst of a Snow-Storm, of Eight Hundred Women Operatives, an engraving from Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, March 17, 1860. The striking women workers carry a banner comparing their condition to that of slaves. Credit: Reproduced from the Collections of the Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-62100.

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Give Me Liberty! An American History End chap. 9 W. W. Norton & Company Independent and Employee-Owned This concludes the Norton Media Library Slide Set for Chapter 9 Give Me Liberty! An American History by Eric Foner