Ethnicity and Race Chapter 11 Anthony Giddens Mitchell Duneier Richard P. Appelbaum

Race and Ethnicity: Key Concepts What Is Ethnicity? Ethnicity refers to cultural practices and outlooks of a given community Emerged historically; set people apart Race refers to physical characteristics that are treated by members of a community or society as signaling distinct cultural characteristics No distinct characteristics exist that can be allocated to different races Many popular beliefs about race are untrue

Race and Ethnicity: Key Concepts Racism and Antiracism Racism is prejudice based on socially significant physical distinctions Racists believe some are superior or inferior to others based on race Institutional racism refers to policies promoted by institutions discriminating against certain groups Antiracism refers to thought or action taken to eradicate racism

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Race and Ethnicity: Key Concepts Psychological Interpretations of Prejudice and Discrimination Displacement and scapegoating are psychological mechanisms associated with prejudice and discrimination In displacement, feelings of hostility are directed against objects that are not the real origin of anxieties People project anxieties and insecurities onto scapegoats

Race and Ethnicity: Key Concepts Psychological Interpretations of Prejudice and Discrimination (cont) Prejudice involves holding preconceived views about an individual or group Stereotypical thinking is thinking in inflexible terms Discrimination refers to behavior that prevents members of a group from having opportunities that are open to others

Ethnic Relations Why Has Racism Flourished? Europeans established exploitative relations with conquered peoples Opposition between the colors of white and black as cultural symbols is deeply rooted in European culture Concept of race has been invented and diffused

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Ethnic Relations Theories of Race and Ethnic Relations Four models of possible developments in race and ethnic relations: Assimilation Anglo-conformity Melting pot Merging cultures Pluralism Ethnic groups exist separately but participate in larger society’s economic and political life Multiculturalism Ethnic groups exist separately and equally

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Global Migration Immigration and Emigration Immigration is the movement of people into a country to settle Emigration is the process by which people leave a country to settle in another

Global Migration Migration Patterns Four tendencies that will characterize migration patterns in coming years: Acceleration: migration occurring in greater numbers Diversification: most countries receive immigrants of many different types Globalization: migration involves greater number of countries Feminization: growing number of migrants are women

Global Migration Global Diasporas All diasporas share certain key features: Forced or voluntary movement from homeland to new region(s) Shared memory about homeland, commitment to its preservation, belief in possibility of return Strong ethnic identity sustained through time Sense of solidarity Degree of tension in relation to host societies Potential for valuable contributions to pluralistic host societies

Ethnic Relations in the United States Ethnic Diversity Remarkable diversity of ethnic minorities in the United States today Each group has distinctive cultural characteristics Some of the most important groups are blacks, Native Americans, Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, Cubans, Chinese, and Japanese

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Racial and Ethnic Inequality Gender and Race Gender discrimination compounds the difficulties facing women of color Minority women have a need to produce income despite receiving unequal pay About half of African American and Latino families that depend on women’s incomes live in poverty

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Racial and Ethnic Inequality Understanding Racial Inequality There is an important distinction between minorities that came to America as willing immigrants and those that came as colonized peoples Racism targeted at the latter groups has been more persistent and destructive William Julius Wilson argues that race is of diminishing importance and inequalities are now based on class

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Review Questions 1. _______ refers to cultural practices and outlooks of a given community that have emerged historically and set people apart. Ethnicity Situational ethnicity Race Symbolic ethnicity   Answer: A Reference: Race and Ethnicity: Key Concepts Type: Vocabulary

Review Questions 2. Institutional racism can be defined as _________. the promotion, by governmental, educational, or corporate institutions, of policies that favor certain groups while discriminating against others subtle or overt efforts to prevent minority-owned companies from participating in the marketplace on an equal footing with white-owned companies a system of domination operating in social processes and social institutions as well as in individual consciousness the process by which large social institutions use understandings of race to classify individuals or groups   Answer: A Reference: Race and Ethnicity: Key Concepts Type: Vocabulary

Review Questions 3. What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination? Prejudice involves individuals, while discrimination affects entire groups. Prejudice is linked with the psychological mechanism of displacement, while discrimination is grounded in stereotyping. Prejudice refers to opinions or attitudes, while discrimination refers to behavior. Prejudice is innate, while discrimination is learned.   Answer: C Reference: Race and Ethnicity: Key Concepts Type: Factual

Review Questions 4. Pluralism is a model of ethnic relations in which ________________. numerous ethnic cultures live separately yet participate in the larger society’s economic and political life numerous ethnic cultures live separately and do not engage with the larger sociocultural framework numerous ethnic cultures interact and merge, creating a new culture with characteristics from each of its contributors numerous ethnic cultures vie for power and domination within one large sociocultural framework   Answer: A Reference: Ethnic Relations Type: Vocabulary

Review Questions 5. Which of the following is an explanation for the income gap between blacks and whites? Blacks experience a higher rate of unemployment than whites. A higher proportion of whites than blacks graduate from college. The incarceration rate for black males is much higher than for white males. All of the above   Answer: D Reference: Racial and Ethnic Inequality Type: Factual

Review Questions 6. What distinguishes African Americans and Native Americans from many other racial minorities and immigrant groups in the United States?   Both groups launched nonviolent demonstrations in the 1950s and 1960s to demand their full rights as citizens. Both groups experience very high levels of alcoholism. Both groups were forcibly subjugated to the rule of whites. Both groups have demonstrated a high level of creativity in their response to their oppression. Answer: C Reference: Racial and Ethnic Inequality Type: Factual

Review Questions 7. The sociologist William Julius Wilson has argued that discrimination and disadvantages based on _______ are now just as important as those based on ________ in explaining the persistently high rates of poverty in black communities. class; lack of education race; class lack of education; race class; race   Answer: D Reference: Racial and Ethnic Inequality Type: Factual