1. Chapter 10
Race and Ethnicity

2. Race and ethnicity Ancestry.com commercials
What is race and/or ethnicity?
What is yours?
How and why does this matter?
Redice

3. Race and Ethnicity Race is socially constructed.
A race is a category of people who have been singled out as inferior or superior, often on the basis of real or alleged physical characteristics such as skin color, hair texture, eye shape, or other subjectively selected attributes.

4. Ethnicity
An ethnic group is a collection of people distinguished, by others or by themselves, primarily on the basis of cultural or nationality characteristics.

5. Ethnic groups share five main characteristics:
unique cultural traits, such as language, clothing, holidays, or religious practices
a sense of community
a feeling of ethnocentrism
ascribed membership from birth
territoriality, or the tendency to occupy a distinct geographic area by choice and/or for self-protection

6. Racial and Ethnic Relations: Theories and Inequalities

7. A dominant group is a racial or ethnic group that has the greatest power and resources in a society.
A subordinate group is one whose members, because of physical or cultural characteristics, are disadvantaged and subjected to unequal treatment and discrimination by the dominant group.

8. Prejudice
Prejudice is a negative attitude based on faulty generalizations about members of specific racial, ethnic, or other groups.
Stereotypes are overgeneralizations about the appearance, behavior, or other characteristics of members of particular categories.

9. The Frustration Aggression Hypothesis
The frustration–aggression hypothesis states that people who are frustrated in their efforts to achieve a highly desired goal will respond with a pattern of aggression toward others…a scapegoat
scapegoat―a person or group that is incapable of offering resistance to the hostility or aggression of others. Scapegoats are used as substitutes for the actual source of the frustration
A scapegoat is a person or group that is incapable of offering resistance to the hostility or aggression of others.

10. Symbolic Interactionism and Prejudice
Symbolic interactionists see prejudice as resulting from social learning.
It is learned from observing and imitating significant others, such as parents and peers. Initally children do not have a frame of reference from which to question the prejudice of their relatives and friends. Their own prejudiced (or not prejudiced) attitudes are rewarded (or scorned) by family reactions

11. Authoritarian Personality
Adorno concluded that highly prejudiced individuals tend to have an authoritarian personality, which is characterized by excessive conformity, submissiveness to authority, intolerance, insecurity, a high level of superstition, and rigid, stereotypic thinking.
People with authoritarian personalities rigidly conform to conventional cultural values and see moral issues as clear-cut matters of right and wrong
Studies show people with AP are often intolerant of all minorities and vice versa
Prejudice is an individual trait

12. Racism
Racism is a set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices that is used to justify the superior treatment of one racial or ethnic group and the inferior treatment of another racial or ethnic group.
Racism may be overt openly expressed. May take the form of public statements about the inferiority of members of a racial or ethnic group
subtle; often hidden from sight and more difficult to prove. This does not mean overt racist talk that is just done in your conservative uncles kitchen… May seem to take the form of a compliment or often connect to something “natural”

13. Discrimination
Discrimination involves actions or practices of dominant-group members (or their representatives) that have a harmful effect on members of a subordinate group.
Genocide is the deliberate, systematic killing of an entire people or nation.

14. Discrimination Continued…
Individual discrimination consists of one-on-one acts by members of the dominant group that harm members of the subordinate group or their property.
Institutional discrimination consists of the day-to-day practices of organizations and institutions that have a harmful effect on members of subordinate groups.
However, important to understand that individual discrimination is not purely individual. A close relationship exists between individual and institutional
When an individual engages in racial discrimination, their actions are shaped by structural racial inequalities in the existing society or social system and in turn their actions reinforce existing large-scale patterns of discrimination, which we refer to as institutional discrimination

15. Merton’s Typology of Prejudice and Discrimination
Figure 10.1
Merton’s typology shows that some people may be prejudiced but not discriminate against others. Do you think that it is possible for a person to discriminate against some people without holding a prejudiced attitude toward them? Why or why not?

16. Feagin’s four major types of discrimination:
Isolate discrimination
Small-group discrimination
Direct institutionalized discrimination
Indirect institutionalized discrimination

17. Race and ethnic relations

18. Sociological Perspectives on Race and Ethnic Relations
Symbolic Interactionist Perspectives
Contact hypothesis: contact between people from divergent groups should lead to favorable attitudes and behavior when members of each group:
1. have equal status
2. pursue the same goals
3 cooperate with one another to achieve their goals
4. receive positive feedback when they interact with one another in positive, non-discriminatory ways

19. Functionalist Perspectives
Assimilation is a process by which members of subordinate racial and ethnic groups become absorbed into the dominant culture.
Ethnic pluralism is the coexistence of a variety of distinct racial and ethnic groups within one society.
Segregation is the spatial and social separation of categories of people by race, ethnicity, class, gender, and/or religion.

20. Conflict Perspectives
The caste perspective
Class perspectives
Internal colonialism occurs when members of a racial or ethnic group are conquered or colonized and forcibly placed under the economic and political control of the dominant group.
Split labor market refers to the division of the economy into two areas of employment, a primary sector and a secondary sector.
The theory of racial formation states that actions of the government substantially define racial and ethnic relations in the United States.

21. Critical Race Theory
Racism is ingrained in society and affects everyone’s daily lives.

22. Racial and Ethnic Groups in the United States
Native Americans and Alaskan Natives
Involuntary migration and assimilation
Diversity
Disadvantage
Sports and mascots
White Anglo-Saxon Protestants (British Americans)
Social class
Sports

23. U.S. Racial and Ethnic Distribution
Map 10.2
While minority populations do continue to grow, regional differences in racial makeup are still quite pronounced, as this map shows.

24. Discussion
In the past few years, do you think conditions for people of color have improved, gotten worse, or stayed the same?

25. White Ethnic Americans
African Americans
Terminology
Segregation and discrimination
Sports
White Ethnic Americans
Discrimination

26. Latino/as (Hispanic Americans)
Asian Americans
Chinese Americans
Japanese Americans
Korean Americans
Filipino Americans
Indochinese Americans
Latino/as (Hispanic Americans)
Mexican Americans or Chicanos/as
Puerto Ricans
Cuban Americans

27. Middle Eastern Americans
Arab Americans
Iranian (Persian) Americans
Discrimination

28. Discussion
What is the point of continuing to collect census information about race and ethnicity?

29. Global Racial and Ethnic Inequality in the Future
Ethnic warfare
Increasing diversity

30. Discussion
Is our growing diversity good for the United States?

31. Minority Populations and Percentages by State, 2010
Map 10.3

32. Quick Quiz

33. _____ is a negative attitude based on faulty generalizations about members of selected racial and ethnic groups.
Prejudice
Discrimination
Stereotyping
Genocide
Answer: a Prejudice is a negative attitude based on faulty generalizations about members of selected racial and ethnic groups.

34. Institutional discrimination consists of:
one-on-one acts by members of the dominant group that harm members of the subordinate group or their property.
day-to-day practices of organizations that have a harmful impact on members of subordinate groups.
the division of the economy into a primary sector and a secondary sector.
the deliberate killing of an entire people.
Answer: b
Institutional discrimination consists of day-to-day practices of organizations that have a harmful impact on members of subordinate groups.

35. What is a category of people who have been singled out as inferior or superior, often on the basis of real or alleged physical characteristics such as skin color, hair texture, eye shape, or other subjectively selected attributes?
ethnic group
age group
gender
race
Answer: d
A category of people who have been singled out as inferior or superior, often on the basis of real or alleged physical characteristics such as skin color, hair texture, eye shape, or other subjectively selected attributes is a race.

36. What are overgeneralizations about the appearance, behavior, or other characteristics of members of particular categories?
stereotyping
redlining
scapegoating
steering
Answer: a
Stereotyping involves overgeneralizations about the appearance, behavior, or other characteristics of members of particular categories.

37. The deliberate, systematic killing of an entire people or nation is called:
genocide
discrimination
ethnic cleansing
parricide
Answers: a
The deliberate, systematic killing of an entire people or nation is called genocide.