Political Transformation of Western Europe

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Presentation transcript:

Political Transformation of Western Europe 1200-1500 Chapter 14

13th Century States Had many features of medieval Europe Hereditary monarchs at the top, followed by powerful nobles Church still at odds with monarchs Knights still backbone of fighting force BUT – All of this coming under scrutiny

2 Military Advancements that Brought Feudal System Under Fire Improved crossbows – could now pierce helmets and light armor Rise of professional crossbowmen Firearms Knights are not really needed anymore!

Church vs. Monarchs 1302 – Pope Boniface VIII declared that the papacy was superior to “every human creature” King Philip (the Fair) of France sent army to arrest the pope; Boniface already in poor health & dies Philip creates office of a French pope of Avignon Led to the Great Western Schism – (1378-1415) Rival popes at Avignon & Rome Eventually power restored in Rome This conflict increased power of Monarchs

England Incorporated Wales and Ireland Magna Carta (Great Charter) – (1215) nobles forced King John to sign limited king’s power made king subject to English law confirmed independence of the church Idea of Due Process

Hundred Years War (1337-1453) Battle for the French throne Background: Princess Isabella of France married King Edward II of England Isabella’s brothers (kings of France) did not have heirs Her son, King Edward III of England claimed the French throne in 1337 French courts gave throne to a distant cousin, Philip of Valois, who was French

Hundred Years War Technology Italian crossbowmen reinforced French English longbow could fire more rapidly Firearms gave English important victory at the Battle of Agincourt (1415) French use cannons towards end of the war

Joan of Arc Helped with the final stage of the war – The French Reconquest Believed she was acting on God’s instructions (Voices/Visions from Saints) Inspired French troops Captured by English in Paris They tried her for witchcraft and burned her at the stake

New Monarchies After War Greater centralization of power “fixed” boundaries Stronger representative institutions Parliament in England (House of Lords & House of Commons) Estates General in France Increased taxation to pay for standing armies

Iberian Reconquest Spain & Portugal’s fight to free Iberia from Muslim rule Christian knights 13th century

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