Section 2 - Native Americans Struggle to Survive Chapter 17 Section 2 - Native Americans Struggle to Survive

Homestead Act and the Pacific Railroad - 1862 -Both brought more people to the West and created conflict with Native Americans and settlers -Led to Clashes with the U.S. Army Loss of hunting ground Widespread slaughter of buffalo Forced removal to reservations

Began as hunter –gatherer societies before Europeans arrived People of the Plains Began as hunter –gatherer societies before Europeans arrived By getting guns from the French and the British through trade, they could kill more game. Became more sophisticated and mobile when horses that were left by the Spanish were tamed.

Travois, tepees, and the buffalo Most lived in tepees that were cone-shaped tents made from buffalo skins. Groups of Native Americans that were wanderers used a travois, or small sled, to carry their belongings. The buffalo was their Super Wal Mart! Plains Native Americans met all of their daily needs by using every part of the animal. Nothing was wasted. Used for meat, tools thread, clothing, toys.

Buffalo meat versus Beef Fat Bison contains considerably less fat than beef. A 3.5 oz. serving of bison contains 2.42 g of fat while the same size of choice beef has 18.54 g and select beef has 8.09 g. Of the total fat in beef, 46.3 percent of it is saturated fat while 43.4 percent of the total fat in bison meat is saturated fat. Both beef and bison also contain heart-healthy fats. Calories and Cholesterol Bison meat also contains fewer calories than beef. A 3.5 oz. serving of bison has 143 calories compared to 283 in the same serving size of choice beef and 201 in select beef. These meats are similar in cholesterol levels, although bison has a little less with 82 mg compared to choice beef's 87 mg and select beef's 86. Additional Nutrients While containing lower quantities of nutrients you want to limit, bison also contains higher levels of nutrients you need in large amounts. The 3.5 oz. serving size of bison has 3.42 mg of iron, whereas choice beef has 2.72 mg and select beef contains 2.99 mg. Bison has 2.86 mcg of vitamin B-12 compared to the 2.50 mcg in choice beef and 2.64 mcg in select beef. For protein, bison has 28.44 g, choice beef contains 27.21 g and select beef has 29.89 g. http://www.livestrong.com/article/372112-buffalo-meat-versus-beef-nutrition/

Division of Labor Native American men were hunters, warriors, leaders of religion, and usually thought of as being able to communicate to Great Spirit or ancestors. Native American women cared for the children, prepared food, sometimes went to war, carved tools, made clothing and tepees. In some groups they were even the leaders!

Broken Treaties Promise Result 1851 - Fort Laramie Treaty – American government wanted to stop Native Americans from following buffalo and to settle. Native Americans agreed to terms because the American government promised to protect their lands and leave them alone. Many Native Americans were forced onto reservations during the late 1800’s. Gold was discovered and settlers moved in during the next decade.

Sand Creek Massacre - 1864 -500 peaceful Cheyenne living on the reservation at Sand Creek, Colorado, were attacked without warning by the U.S. Army. -More than 100 men, women, and children were killed.

Treaty of 1868 -Sioux agreed to live on reservations in exchange for U.S. government protection and supplies -Treaty fails for three reasons 1. U.S. fails to live up to its terms 2. many Sioux resisted reservation restrictions 3. Sitting Bull never signed it

Custer’s Last Stand - 1876 Led 200 soldiers against 2,000 – 3,000 Native Americans. Within 20 minutes Custer and all of his men were dead. The victory by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse was one of the last. The next year more soldiers came and the Native Americans were outnumbered this time.

Ghost Dance, death of Sitting Bull, Wounded Knee - 1890 The Ghost Dance represented a way for Native Americans to return to their old ways The Battle of Wounded Knee 7th Calalry rounded up 340 starving , freezing Sioux and demanded their weapons After one Sioux warrior fired his rifle, the soldiers used cannons to slaughter 200 of the Native Americans Ends Indian Wars!

Reform and Reformers Hellen Hunt Jackson was inspired by La Flesche and wrote a book called A Century of Dishonor that told of the many treaties that the American government broke or failed to live up to. Susette La Flesche, whose father was an Omaha chief, lectured and wrote articles about the abuses of Native Americans by the white mans culture.

Dawes Act - 1887 The purpose of the act was to turn wandering natives into farmers. Men received 160 acres of land. Forced children to go to schools and learn white ways. Was a complete failure because most Native Americans were not interested in farming! Native Americans just wanted to be left alone. Most sold the land very cheaply to dishonest whites and ended up broke and dependent on American government for food and supplies.