Biotechnology Biotechnology - process of manipulating the genome of an organism to form useful products 􀁡Genetic engineering – modification of genetic material done by genetic engineers 􀁡Sections􀁠Nucleic Acids􀁠Isolation of DNA 􀁠DNA Electrophoresis

Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids 􀁡Use puzzle pieces to show 􀁠Replication (DNA to DNA): 5’ to 3’ 􀁠Transcription (DNA to RNA): 5’ to 3’ 􀁠Translation (mRNA to polypeptide): 5’ to

DNA Deoyribose nucleic acid contains genetic material and has nucleotides. Each nucleotide is deoxyribose sugar ,and any one N-bases- A,T,G,C with phosphate Double stranded Found in the nucleus

DNA replication DNA doubling for the purpose of cell division The 2 strands unzip in the middle and DNA polymerase enzyme adds on new bases to the unzipped strands Semi-Conservative replication as old strands act as templates for new ones to be built.

RNA Found in the nucleus and cytoplasm Ribose sugar, single stranded and has A,U,G,C 3 TYPES-mRNA,rRNA and t-RNA

Transcription Takes place in the nucleus One strand of DNA(genes) is the template for building mRNA(codons) A of DNA matches with U of RNA T with A G with C C with G

Translation In the cytoplasm mRNA (codons) match with t-RNA(anti-codn) in the presence of r-RNA to build proteins Codons specify the amino acid

Isolation of DNA Isolation of DNA from plant (onion) cells and banana- Refer to lab book for procedure

Gel electrophoresis is a method of separating out DNA, RNA or other protien mixes

Paternity testing Child has both parents chromosomes or DNA which will solve the paternity tests.

Crime solving It can be used in the analyis of DNA recovered from crime scenes to create a very simple 'profile' of unknown DNA for comparison purposes, or to establish if DNA has succesfully been extracted from evidential material, before going on to more costly and long winded sequencing

Electrophoresis Electrophoresis Applying voltage to solution of charged molecules for separation 1. Prepare gel, place in chamber 2. Introduce DNA sample 􀁡 DNA is negatively charged, it moves to positive electrode 􀁡 small fragments migrate faster than larger ones 􀁡 accumulation of same size fragments show up as a band on the gel 3. Stain gel and record band pattern