1. Nucleic Acids Large polymers Made of linked nucleotides 2 types
Components of a nucleotide?
A nucleotide consists of a 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base
2 types

3. DNA / RNA structure
DNA
RNA
Sugar
Nitrogenous bases
Shape

7. DNA is
anti-parallel
One strand is “flipped” in relation to the other

8. CELL CYCLE IN EUKARYOTIC CELLS
Fig. 8-5
CELL CYCLE IN EUKARYOTIC CELLS
INTERPHASE G1 S
(DNA synthesis)
First gap phase
-growth
-normal cell activities
-DNA copies (replicates)
itself G2
Second gap phase
-growth
-cell prepares for mitosis
Cytokinesis
Mitosis
MITOTIC
PHASE (M)
Mitosis = division of the nucleus
Cytokinesis = division of the cytoplasm

9. Semi-conservative replication
The new strand consists of one old DNA and one new DNA strand
Two strands separate
Nucleotides come and pair with their complementary base
DNA replication
Semi-conservative replication

10. DNA replication starts at an origin of replication (many in eukaryotes) forming replication bubbles

11. Enzymes involved in replication
Helicase  unwinds the double helix
DNA polymerase  builds the new DNA strand
DNA ligase “glues” DNA fragments together

12. DNA Polymerase Adds nucleotides to a growing nucleic acid chain
Can ONLY add to the 3’ end of the chain
Result:
The two sides of the DNA molecule are copied differently

17. Function of DNA????? But where is eukaryotic DNA found?
Where are proteins built?

18. Central idea of genetics
Flow of genetic information in organisms
Trait

19. template
Where would this occur?
Where would this occur?

20. Structure of a chromosome made up of DNA and Protein
many genes on single chromosome
Structure of a gene

21. 3 types of RNA
all coded for by the DNA in the nucleus
tRNA
Transfer RNA
mRNA
Messenger RNA
rRNA
Ribosomal RNA

22. Process of Transcription
Step 1 Initiation
The promoter is sequence of DNA recognized by RNA polymerase
Determines which of the two strands will act as the template

23. Step 2: Elongation
RNA polymerase moves down the DNA elongating the mRNA strand based on the sequence in DNA
RNA will use Uracil to base pair with Adenine

24. Step 3: Termination
When RNA polymerase reaches the terminator region on the DNA it will stop and release the mRNA

25. template
Codon:
3 nucleotide sequence that specifies one amino acid or signals translation to stop

28. Who are the players in translation??
mRNA
tRNA
Ribosomes (made of protein and rRNA)

29. mRNA

30. tRNA

31. Made of rRNA and Protein
Ribosome
Made of rRNA and Protein
Large subunit

32. Initiation of Translation

33. Elongation of the polypeptide chain

34. Termination

36. TACGTTGCGACGATC
AUGCAACGCUGCUAG
Met -
Gln -
Arg -
Cys

37. RNA processing in Eukaryotic cells

39. Prokaryotic cell No RNA processing
Transcription and translation may occur simultaneously

44. AIDS research
Malaria
Recently, scientists engineered several rhesus macaques to express GFP, along with a protein that pre-disposes the animals to Huntington's disease, a neurodegenerative disorder. The researchers used GFP to confirm that the monkeys had received the disease-causing gene

45. Prokaryote
transcription and translation can occur simultaneously
no nucleus

46. Prokaryotic cell
Transcription and translation may occur simultaneously
No RNA processing

47. Semi-conservative replication
The new strand consists of one old DNA and one new DNA strand
Two strands separate
Nucleotides come and pair with their complementary base
DNA replication
Semi-conservative replication

48. Enzymes involved in replication
Helicase  unwinds the double helix
DNA polymerase  builds the new DNA strand
DNA ligase “glues” DNA fragments together

49. DNA Polymerase Adds nucleotides to a growing nucleic acid chain
Can ONLY add to the 3’ end of the chain
Result:
The two sides of the DNA molecule are copied differently