1. DNA Replication

2. DNA Replication
The process of copying/synthesizing DNA
3 Step process

3. Step 1- Unzip DNA DNA chains are separated by helicase.
Helicase = enzyme that breaks the Hydrogen bond between bases.

4. Step 2 - Assembly
DNA polymerase builds a new DNA chain on the old DNA.
One complementary nucleotide is added at a time.
Base-pairing rules apply! (G-C A-T)

5. Step 3 – Identical DNA Molecules!!!
Only 1 side of the DNA molecules is new!!
- ½ of the DNA is new and ½ of the DNA is old!

6. DNA REPLICATION replication fork, helicase, nucleus, complete, DNA polymerase, old, new, identical, hydrogen, A, C, nucleotides
DNA replication occurs in the 1___ of cells. The DNA is replicated so that when a cell divides, each daughter cell receives a 2___ copy of genetic material. The enzyme 3___ begins by breaking the 4___ bonds between complementary bases (5__ with T, and 6__ with G) on opposite strands of DNA. New 7___ are added to each original strand by the enzyme 8___. As helicase moves along the DNA strand, the 9__ continues to widen and new unpaired nucleotides are added. The new (daughter) DNA strand can be continually built as complementary nucleotides (bases) are added by DNA polymerase. This process builds a 10___ DNA chain onto the 11__ DNA. The DNA is thus completely replicated and now there are 2 genetically 12___ DNA molecules in place of the original DNA.

7. DNA REPLICATION 9-replication fork, 3-helicase, 1-nucleus, 2-complete, 8-DNA polymerase, 11-old, 10-new, 12-identical, hydrogen, 5-A, 6-C, 7-nucleotides
DNA replication occurs in the 1___ of cells. The DNA is replicated so that when a cell divides, each daughter cell receives a 2___ copy of genetic material. The enzyme 3___ begins by breaking the 4___ bonds between complementary bases (5__ with T, and 6__ with G) on opposite strands of DNA. New 7___ are added to each original strand by the enzyme 8___. As helicase moves along the DNA strand, the 9__ continues to widen and new unpaired nucleotides are added. The new (daughter) DNA strand can be continually built as complementary nucleotides (bases) are added by DNA polymerase. This process builds a 10___ DNA chain onto the 11__ DNA. The DNA is thus completely replicated and now there are 2 genetically 12___ DNA molecules in place of the original DNA.

8. What happens if an error occurs?
Approximately only one error occurs for every billion paired nucleotides added.
When mistakes in DNA replication do occur, the base sequence of a DNA molecule is of an important gene and disrupt an important cell function.

9. DNA
RNA
Double Helix
Deoxyribose sugar
Phosphate
Base
A-T C-G
Single helix
Ribose sugar
A-U C-G

10. RNA Structure and Function
Types of RNA
Cells have three major types of RNA:
messenger RNA (mRNA)
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
transfer RNA (tRNA)

11. RNA Structure and Function
mRNA carries the genetic “message” from the nucleus to the cytosol.
rRNA is the major component of ribosomes.
tRNA carries specific amino acids, helping to form polypeptides.

12. Transcription
During transcription, DNA acts as a template for directing the synthesis of RNA.

13. Genetic Code
The nearly universal genetic code identifies the specific amino acids coded for by each three-nucleotide mRNA codon.

14. Genetic Code

15. Steps of Translation
During translation, amino acids are assembled from information encoded in mRNA.
As the mRNA codons move through the ribosome, tRNAs add specific amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain.
The process continues until a stop codon is reached and the newly made protein is released.

16. Translation Video Name: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-K8Y0ATkkAI
Where are the instructions making proteins located in the body?
Where does a gene, that codes for an RNA molecule begin and end?
region & region
What are the two processes of gene expression & where are they located?
a) ; located: b) ; located:
What enzyme is used to make an RNA molecule?
Do introns or exons code for proteins? (Circle one)
What is it called when introns are removed from the RNA?
Where does the mRNA go to begin translation?
What brings the anticodons & amino acids to the RNA during translation?
Which codons code for start and stop? Write start and stop next to the matching codons.
AUG UGA UAG UAA
What is the purpose of translation?