African-American Discrimination and Segregation

Voting Discrimination After Reconstruction black voting rights limited GrandfatherClause - Poll Tax - Literacy tests

Jim Crow Laws After reconstruction, many Southern state governments passed “Jim Crow” laws forcing separation of the races in public places.

Jim Crow Laws: Series of laws passed in the South that forced separation of the races in public places (segregation)

Segregation- Separating of the Races Jim Crow Laws- laws that legalized segregation Segregation- Separating of the Races By the 1890;s all southern states had legally segregated public transportation, schools parks and other public places.

Plessy v. Ferguson African Americans were harassed, intimidated, and sometimes lynched. African Americans looked to the courts to safeguard their rights. The United States Supreme Court ruled on civil rights issues. Their rulings, as in the Plessy v. Ferguson, upheld the “Jim Crow” laws and did not provide relief for African Americans.

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Supreme Court case that ruled “separate but equal” did not violate the 14th Amendment

Plessy v. Ferguson Homer Plessy was denied a seat in a first class railway car Supreme Court ruled that “separate but equal” facilities did not violate the 14th amendment Legalized segregation

Early African American Civil Rights Leaders The various responses of African Americans to discrimination and segregation were exemplified by the following leaders: Booker T. Washington W.E.B. DuBois Ida B. Wells

Booker T. Washington Gradual integration is the best way. African Americans should accept some forms of segregation “no race can prosper until it learns there is as much dignity in tilling a field as in writing a poem."

Booker T. Washington: Former slave, stressed industrial education. Economic Success

Tuskegee Institute Technical College created by Booker T. Washington to train African-Americans in skills needed by white Americans

Economic Equality will lead to Acceptance Booker T. Washington Economic Equality will lead to Acceptance

W.E.B. Du Bois: Graduated from Harvard University Education without Equality is worthless

W.E.B. Du Bois Niagara Falls Convention Demanded that the U.S. government enforce the Constitutional rights of A.A.’s Most important: Voting

Demanding Their Rights Booker T. Washington W.E.B. DuBois Get a job and be a good citizen and social equality will follow Founded Tuskegee Institute. Africans should achieve social equality FIRST! Helped form the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. N.A.A.C.P

Ida B. Wells Journalist who wrote of the horrors of lynching Forced to move after repeated threats on her life

NAACP National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Created by W.E.B. DuBois & Ida Wells Fight racism in court

Marcus Garvey A.A.’s could never be equal in America Back to Africa campaign Created shipping company to help A.A.’s return to Africa

Great Migration Large scale exodus of A.A.’s from the rural South to the urban North & farms of the west

Great Migration During the early twentieth century, African Americans began the “Great Migration” to Northern cities in search of jobs and to escape poverty and discrimination in the South. World War I had a great impact on this migration because of the factories that opened to produce war supplies were located in northern cities.