Lesson 17.2: “War Affects Society”

Essential Question What hardships did the Civil War cause in both the Northern and Southern home fronts?

Vocabulary Copperhead: Northerner who wanted peace with the Confederacy instead of victory in the war. civilian: anyone not in the military conscription: forced into military service enlist: to voluntarily sign up to serve in the military or in some cause. bounty: cash bonus given for enlisting

Vocabulary inflation: an increase in the prices for goods and services. income tax: a tax on earnings. greenback: paper money printed by the Union during the Civil War. desertion: abandoning one's military unit with no intention of returning.

What we already know… Public opinion remained divided in the North, where many people disapproved of Lincoln and the war.

Focus Questions How did discontent with the war affect the Confederate army? How did the principle of "States' Rights" affect the Confederate states? How did Abraham Lincoln deal with Copperheads? Why did poor Southerners complain that the war was a rich man's war but a poor man's fight? How were Union and Confederate draft laws different?

Focus Questions 6. In what ways did the war affect the economy of the South? 7. What were the short term and long term effects of war production in the North? 8. How did slaves damage the Southern economy and sabotage the war effort? 9. In what ways did women help the war effort? 10. How were prisoners of war treated in both the North and the South?

What we already know… The Northern economy was much more industrialized than the Confederacy’s economy.

What we already know… Most of the fighting of the Civil War, and the worst of the destruction, would occur on Southern soil.

Disagreements About the War By 1863, many Southerners were growing weary of the war and its constant sacrifices. Mayflower Compact = self rule

Disagreements About the War When food began to run out, food riots had broken out in several Southern cities, including Richmond, the capital city. Mayflower Compact = self rule

Disagreements About the War Southerners were growing weary of the war and its constant sacrifice. Confederate Soldiers began to leave the army in increasing numbers. By 1863, the Confederate army had shrunk by almost 40% due to casualties and desertion. Mayflower Compact = self rule

Disagreements About the War Southerners, like Jefferson Davis believed the US Constitution upheld the individual sovereignty and independence of states over that of any central government. Mayflower Compact = self rule

Disagreements About the War The same principle of states’ rights that led them to break with the Union, also kept them from coordinating their war effort and working together. Mayflower Compact = self rule

Disagreements About the War Disagreements over the conduct of the war also arose in the North. Lincoln’s main opponents were the Copperheads, Northern Democrats who favored peace with the South. Mayflower Compact = self rule

Disagreements About the War President Lincoln had protesters arrested and suspended the writ of habeas corpus, which prevents the government from holding citizens without a trial. Mayflower Compact = self rule

The Draft Laws As the war dragged on and more soldiers were needed, the North and the South passed conscription (draft) laws that required men to serve in the military. Mayflower Compact = self rule

The Draft Laws Poor Southerners complained that it was a “Rich man’s war but a poor man’s fight.” Mayflower Compact = self rule

The Draft Laws Confederate conscription laws required all men between 18 and 45 to enlist, with few exceptions. Mayflower Compact = self rule One exception was planters who owned 20 or more slaves did not have to serve in the Confederate army.

The Draft Laws Both sides allowed wealthy men to hire substitutes to serve in their place. Substitutes could cost as much as $6,000! Mayflower Compact = self rule

The Draft Laws The Union government could afford to offer bounties (money) to men who volunteered to serve. The North also needed fewer men to be drafted. Mayflower Compact = self rule

The Draft Laws Even so, for both sides, the draft was extremely unpopular. New York City suffered four days of riots, during which rioters destroyed property, attacked people on the streets, and killed many African Americans. Mayflower Compact = self rule

Economic Effects of the War Economic Effect 1: Food shortages were very common in the South. So many farmers were away fighting in the war.

Economic Effects of the War Economic Effect 2: Farmers insisted on planting cash crops like cotton instead of food crops. Economic Effect 3: Food couldn’t get to market – trains were used to carry war materials instead of food.

Economic Effects of the War Economic Effect 4: Inflation – an increase in price and the decrease in the value of money made life harder for working people to purchase basic needs. Some prices rose as much as 9,000 percent. Economic Effect 5: The Confederate army seized food and other supplies for its own needs. Mayflower Compact = self rule

Economic Effects of the War Whenever the Northern armies drew near, many slaves ran away to Union lines, depriving the Confederacy of labor. Mayflower Compact = self rule

Economic Effects of the War Southern civilians rioted over food shortages in several Confederate cities, including Richmond, the capital. Rioters broke into shops and stole food and other goods Mayflower Compact = self rule

Economic Effects of the War Overall, war production boosted industry and fueled the Northern economy. In the short term, this gave the North an economic advantage over the South. Mayflower Compact = self rule

Economic Effects of the War In the long term, manufacturing would begin to replace farming as the basis of the national economy. Mayflower Compact = self rule

Economic Effects of the War In 1861, to help pay for the war, the Union established the first income tax. People making between $600 and $10,000 paid 3% of their earnings to the government. Mayflower Compact = self rule

Economic Effects of the War To help pay for the war, the Union printed money. The money was printed on both sides. The money was called greenbacks since one side was printed in green ink. Mayflower Compact = self rule

Resistance by Slaves With so many Southern men off to war, slaves often resisted and sabotaged the war efforts by slowing their pace of work or stopping altogether.

Resistance by Slaves Acts of sabotage against crops and farm equipment were very common.

Resistance by Slaves A few slaves even rose up in rebellion against their owners.

Resistance by Slaves After Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, even more slaves ran away from plantations, with as many as half a million having fled to Union lines by the end of the war. Mayflower Compact = self rule

Women Aid the War Effort With so many men away at war, women in both the North and the South assumed increased responsibilities. 1. They plowed fields, ran farms/plantations 2. They took over office jobs/factories 3. They served on the front lines as volunteer workers and nurses. 4. Some women on both sides also played a key role as spies! Mayflower Compact = self rule

Civil War Prison Camps Soldiers on both sides captured in battle suffered terrible conditions. Many died from sickness, starvation, and exposure to severe weather. Most slept in holes scratched in dirt. Many had little shelter from the heat or cold. Around 50,000 men died in Civil War prison camps. Mayflower Compact = self rule