1. The Tide of War Turns 1863–1865

2. Chapter 17: The Tide of War Turns, 1863–1865
Essential Question
In what ways did the Civil War transform the nation?
Why It Matters Now
The America that we live in today is in large part the product of the Civil War.

3. The Tide of War Turns, 1863–1865
As the Civil War continued, the North became determined to end slavery forever. With the United States military accepting African-American volunteers, and large numbers of women entering the workforce, it was clear that the war was bringing about major social change. By the end of the war, the nation had been transformed economically, socially, and politically.

4. The Emancipation Proclamation
Key Ideas
Before, you learned
Abolitionists had been fighting to end slavery for many decades before the Civil War began.
Now you will learn
The Emancipation Proclamation promised freedom to slaves in the Confederacy and allowed African Americans to join the Union army.

5. The Emancipation Proclamation
TERMS AND NAMES
Emancipation Proclamation — document issued by Lincoln that declared that all slaves in Confederate-held territory were free
54th Massachusetts Volunteers — regiment of African-American soldiers that gained fame for its courageous assault on Fort Wagner, South Carolina

6. A War of Liberation Key Question
How did the Emancipation Proclamation affect the war effort?
THINK ABOUT
added moral purpose; How did it make the conflict a war of liberation? What is liberation?
why did Northern Democrats think emancipation would prolong the war? What do emancipate and prolong mean?
slaves joined Union lines—South lost workers; Union gained troops

7. Fighting for Freedom Key Question
How did African-American soldiers contribute to the Union cause?
THINK ABOUT
African Americans rushed to enlist when Proclamation lifted restriction
54th Massachusetts became famous for heroic attack on Fort Wagner, South Carolina
Confederacy threatened to execute or enslave captured black troops

8. War Affects Society Key Ideas Before, you learned
The Civil War took millions of men from their homes, disrupting life in both North and South.
Now you will learn
As the war dragged on, social, economic, and political change affected both the Union and the Confederacy.

9. War Affects Society TERMS AND NAMES
Copperheads — Northern Democrats who favored peace with the South
writ of habeas corpus — law that prevents the government from holding citizens without formal charges
Clara Barton — Civil War nurse who later founded the American Red Cross

10. A Divisive Time Key Question
What disagreements emerged inside both the Union and the Confederacy?
THINK ABOUT
some Southerners opposed secession; West Virginia formed in 1863
Northern Democrats wanted peace; Lincoln had protestors arrested
slaves slowed down or stopped working, stayed when planters fled

11. Economic and Social Change
Key Question
What economic and social changes were caused by the war?
THINK ABOUT
poverty and food shortages spread; resentment of planters grew in South
why did the Union establish an income tax and issue greenbacks? What are these things?
some states repealed discriminatory laws against African Americans

12. The North Wins Key Ideas Before, you learned
General Robert E. Lee caused the Union many difficulties in the East.
Now you will learn
After a series of Southern victories, the North began winning battles that led to the defeat of the Confederacy.

13. The North Wins TERMS AND NAMES
Battle of Gettysburg — battle in 1863 in Pennsylvania when Union forces stopped a Confederate invasion of the North
George Pickett — Confederate general who fought at Gettysburg
Pickett’s Charge — failed assault on Union positions on final day of Battle of Gettysburg
Siege of Vicksburg — the surrounding of the city of Vicksburg, Mississippi, by Union forces
Sherman’s March to the Sea — Union general Sherman’s destructive march across Georgia
Appomattox Court House — town in Virginia where Lee surrendered to Grant

14. Union Victories at Gettysburg and Vicksburg
Key Question
Why were the battles of Gettysburg and Vicksburg so significant?
THINK ABOUT
Gettysburg destroyed Lee’s hopes for northern victory; huge casualties
Union victory at Vicksburg split South in two
tide of war turned in favor of the North

15. The Confederacy Falls Key Question
How did Grant’s new strategy defeat the Confederacy?
THINK ABOUT
Grant called for all Union forces to coordinate attacks
Sherman waged total war; divided upper and lower South
Grant pursued Lee’s army

16. The Legacy of the War Key Ideas Before, you learned
During the Civil War, important social, economic, and political changes took place.
Now you will learn
The Civil War transformed the nation.

17. The Legacy of the War TERMS AND NAMES
Walt Whitman — poet who wrote about the Civil War
Ford’s Theatre — Washington, D.C. theater where Lincoln was shot
John Wilkes Booth — Confederate supporter who assassinated Abraham Lincoln
Thirteenth Amendment — Constitutional amendment that ended slavery

18. Costs of the War Key Question
What were the losses and gains of the war?
THINK ABOUT
the Union was preserved
North and South spent huge sums; interest had to be paid for many years
South’s economy left in shambles; farms, factories, railroads destroyed

19. The Nation Transformed
Key Question
What changes did the war bring about?
THINK ABOUT
United States affirmed as union; federal government grew more powerful
industry became basis of national economy; paid labor replaced slavery
work opportunities opened up for women