Module 4: Organic Chemistry

All compounds are made with _______ Carbon has 4 _______available for bonding in its outer energy level. In order to become stable, carbon atoms form ____ covalent bonds.

Living things are mostly made of __________compounds. These compounds are called ______compounds and their study is called _________chemistry

______can bond with other carbon atoms as well as with many other elements. When carbon atoms bond with each other, they can form _____ or .

Molecular Chains Carbon compounds vary greatly in size. Some contain 1-2 carbon atoms, while others contain 100’s or even 1000’s of carbon atoms. These large chains of carbons are called___________ or _________

Monomers and Polymers The cell builds macromolecules by bonding small molecules ( ) together to form long chains ( ).

Monomers and Polymers Macromolecules are large molecules, or chains of molecules, found in the cell AKA known as______________ __________bond together to make_________

Molecules that contain_______. Organic Molecules Molecules that contain_______.

4 types 1. _____________ 2. ________ 3. _____________ 4. __________ _________

1. Carbohydrates Most _________carbon compound found in nature. Two types are ____________(sugar) and ______________(starches)

Structure Composed of ,_________, and____________. 2 hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom for every one carbon atom. hydrogen carbon oxygen

Monosaccharides Simple______, monomers Monomer is________. (table sugar is sucrose) Major source of ________energy Elements CHO

Monosaccharides Test = Benedicts Positive if color changes from blue to yellow, green, or red

Found in… fruit pasta honey

Polysaccharides Starches/Cellulose (makes plants sturdy and is the fiber you eat) A chain of __________makes a polysaccharide.

Function Starch - Store energy for _____ _______(last longer)

Test = Iodine Positive if color changes purple or black

Found in… fruit potatoes pasta corn honey

2. Lipids _______ Oils Waxes NOT Soluble IN ___________(They don’t mix)

Monomers ___________and fatty acids are the monomers of lipids.

Structure Composed of long chains of carbons and hydrogen (fatty acids) and___________. Fatty acids contain a carboxyl functional group.

2 classes of lipids Saturated ____________

Saturated Have a carbon chain in which all carbon-carbon bonds are___________. Hard to break down. Usually exist as______. Found in animal fat.

Found in… Butter Animal fats __________ Membranes Candle wax Lipid bilayer of cell membrane

Unsaturated Have a carbon chain in which 2 or more carbon-carbon double bonds are present. Easier to break down. Usually exist as liquids. Found in ________oils.

Found in… Vegetable oil Membranes Lipid bilayer of cell membrane

Function Insulation Protection Long term energy storage Help make up biological membranes (cell membranes)

3. Proteins Essential to all life. Composed of amino acids (monomer) There are ______different amino acids found in living organisms.

Composed of… Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen Amino acids are held together by a ________bond.

___________and antibodies Found in… muscle skin hair ___________and antibodies

Functions Give structure (bone and muscle) Transport nutrients in and out of cell Allow muscles to contract (chemical messengers) Speed up ___________ reactions

Test = Biurets Positive violet _______means peptides present

Enzymes Speeds up reactions – biological catalyst Help organisms maintain an internal balance - homeostasis Are proteins Enzyme activity is affected by pH ________ Concentration

4. Nucleic Acids Made of nucleotides (monomers). Sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogen base. Nitrogen

Composed of… Long strings of nucleotides held together that make up DNA and RNA. Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous

Found in… All living things! Even found in viruses, which are classified as “nonliving,” but that is controversial.

Functions Store, transmit, and transfer the genetic code. Responsible for making and coding for all_______.

Types of Carbon Compounds include that consist of which contain Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins Sugars and starches Fats and oils Nucleotides Amino Acids Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon,hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen,